English sole
English sole | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Pleuronectiformes |
Family: | Pleuronectidae |
Genus: | Parophrys Girard, 1854 |
Species: | P. vetulus
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Binomial name | |
Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854
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Range of the English sole | |
Synonyms | |
The English sole (Parophrys vetulus) is a
English sole is an important commercial fish, primarily caught off
The English sole is known in Spanish as platija limón, or lemon sole, a name by which it is also known in English,
Etymology
The genus name is derived from the Greek para, meaning "near", ophrys, meaning "eyebrow", and the species name vetulus is a word meaning "old man".[5]
Description
The English sole is a right-eyed flatfish with a compressed, diamond-shaped body and a small head with a pointed snout and small, asymmetric mouth. The upper surface is covered in rough scales and is usually uniformly brown, but occasionally speckled; the lower surface is smooth, and white to pale yellow in colour. The
Diet
The English sole's diet consists of
Commercial fishing
The English sole is an important commercial fish, and has been fished in the Eastern Pacific, almost exclusively by trawler, since 1876. Two fisheries exist: one on the West Coast of the United States, off Washington, Oregon and California, and one in the Bering Sea off Alaska. The majority of English sole landed is from the West Coast fishery.[2][3]
Although biomass is increasing, catches have been steadily decreasing since the 1960s — though catches peaked in the southern area in 1929 with 3,976 tonnes (3,913 long tons; 4,383 short tons) landed, and in the north in 1949 at 4,008 tonnes (3,945 long tons; 4,418 short tons)[2] — and have today[when?] almost reached a historical low. This decline is estimated to be due to a combination of market factors and management restrictions placed on fishing trawlers in order to protect other bottom-dwelling species.[3]
References
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2018). "Parophrys vetulus" in FishBase. April 2018 version.
- ^ a b c d Stewart, Ian J (25 May 2005). "Study of the US English sole resource 2005" (PDF). US National Marine Fisheries Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- ^ a b c d e "English Sole (Parophrys vetulus)". FishWatch. US National Marine Fisheries Service. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- ^ "Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- ^ "ENGLISH SOLE". Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission. 16 December 1996. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
- ^ "English sole". Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Bulletin No. 47. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-11.