Enkimdu
Enkimdu (𒀭𒂗𒆠𒅎𒁺) was a
Character
Enkimdu was an agricultural god.[1] He was called the "lord of embankments and ditches".[2] The theonym Lugal-epara, "lord of ditch and dyke", attested in the god list An = Anum without an explanation provided, might be another name of Enkimdu due to analogous meaning to said epithet.[3] An Akkadian form of the title is also attested, bēl iki u palgi.[3] In the same god list, Enkimdu appears as one of the "cultivators" (ab-ším) of Nabu.[4] His character has been compared to Enbilulu's.[4] It has been proposed that he was worshiped in Umma as the personification of the irrigation system, though the evidence is scarce.[5]
In laments, Enkimdu could be associated with Amurru.[6] One bilingual text of this genre which enumerates exactly a hundred deities places him near the end of the list alongside the likes of Šumugan, Mesanga-Unug, Martu (Amurru), Gubarra (Ašratum) and Latarak.[7] Another, dated to the Old Babylonian period, lists Enkimdu, Martu, Šumugan, Numušda and Ištaran.[7]
Mythology
Enkimdu and Dumuzi
Enkimdu appears in the myth Enkimdu and Dumuzi.
It has been pointed out that Dumuzi does not appear in any of the texts where Enkimdu occurs alongside Martu, which might indicate that in this case the latter was meant to serve as a shepherd god contrasted with Enkimdu in a similar way.[7] Jacob Klein also notes that similarities exist between Dumuzi's successful appeal to Inanna and Martu's victory in the myth Marriage of Martu, in which he wants to win the hand of the daughter of Numušda.[14]
Other texts
In the myth Enki and the World Order, Enkimdu is entrusted with preparing various agricultural constructions.[15] He is also addressed as the "farmer of Enlil."[5]
A hymn dedicated to the king Ur-Nammu compares him to Enkimdu.[16] In Death of Ur-Nammu, the god stops fulfilling his tasks after learning of the eponymous king's death.[2]
The text The Song of the Plowing Oxen includes a dialogue between Enkimdu and a second party, according to Miguel Civil possibly Ninurta or a king, in which the former explains to the latter how he irrigates the fields.[17]
Modern relevance
A simulation engine developed as part of
References
- ^ a b c Black 2006, p. 86.
- ^ a b Flückiger-Hawker 1999, p. 105.
- ^ a b Lambert 1987, p. 138.
- ^ a b Lambert 2013, p. 486.
- ^ a b Cohen 1993, p. 184.
- ^ Klein 1997, p. 104.
- ^ a b c Klein 1997, p. 105.
- ^ a b Mittermayer 2015, p. 383.
- ^ Black 2006, p. 87.
- ^ Mittermayer 2015, p. 387.
- ^ Mittermayer 2015, p. 395.
- ^ Ayali-Darshan 2020, p. 87.
- ^ Ayali-Darshan 2020, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Klein 1997, p. 109.
- ^ Vanstiphout 1997, p. 117.
- ^ Flückiger-Hawker 1999, p. 46.
- ^ Civil 2017, p. 396.
- ^ a b c Hritz 2014, p. 242.
- ^ Wilkinson, Christiansen & Ur 2007, p. 58.
Bibliography
- Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2020). "The Closing Hymn of the Ugaritic Baal Cycle (KTU 1.6 VI 42–54): A Mesopotamian Background?". Die Welt des Orients. 50 (1). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 79–96. JSTOR 26977754. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- Black, Jeremy A. (2006). The Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- Civil, Miguel (2017) [1976]. "The Song of the Plowing Oxen". Studies in Sumerian Civilization. Selected writings of Miguel Civil. Publicacions i Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona. OCLC 1193017085.
- Cohen, Mark E. (1993). The cultic calendars of the ancient Near East. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press. OCLC 27431674.
- Flückiger-Hawker, Esther (1999). Urnamma of Ur in Sumerian Literary Tradition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
- Hritz, Carrie (2014). "Contributions of GIS and Satellite-based Remote Sensing to Landscape Archaeology in the Middle East". Journal of Archaeological Research. 22 (3). Springer: 229–276. JSTOR 24018073. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- Klein, Jacob (1997). "The God Martu in Sumerian Literature". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.). Sumerian Gods and their Representations. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9.
- Lambert, Wilfred G. (1987), "Lugal-epara", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-05-20
- Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). Babylonian creation myths. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. OCLC 861537250.
- Mittermayer, Catherine (2015). "Der Wettstreit zwischen Dumuzi und Enkimdu" (PDF). Babel und Bibel. 8. Penn State University Press. doi:10.1515/9781575063553-015. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- Vanstiphout, Herman L. J. (1997). "Why did Enki Organize the World?". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.). Sumerian Gods and their Representations. ISBN 978-90-56-93005-9.
- Wilkinson, T. J.; Christiansen, J. H.; Ur, J. (2007). "Urbanization within a Dynamic Environment: Modeling Bronze Age Communities in Upper Mesopotamia". American Anthropologist. 109 (1). American Anthropological Association: 52–68. JSTOR 4496588. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
External links
- Dumuzid and Enkimdu in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- The song of the ploughing oxen in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- The death of Ur-Namma in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- Enki and the World Order in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature