Enshakushanna

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Enshakushanna
𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾
Fragments in the name of "King Enshakushanna"
(𒈗 (...) 𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾).
Reignc. 2350 BC[1][2]
PredecessorLugal-kisalsi
SuccessorLugal-kinishe-dudu
DynastySecond Dynasty of Uruk
class=notpageimage|
Location of Uruk, in the Near East, modern Iraq.

Enshakushanna (

Akkad, Kish, and Nippur, claiming hegemony over all of Sumer
.

Titulature

He adopted the Sumerian title en ki-en-gi lugal kalam . (𒂗 𒆠𒂗𒄀 𒈗 𒌦),[5][6][7] which may be translated as "lord of Sumer and king of all the land" (which possibly implies "en of the region of Uruk and lugal of the region of Ur"[8]), and could correspond to the later title lugal ki-en-gi ki-uri "King of Sumer and Akkad" that eventually came to signify kingship over Mesopotamia as a whole.

Reign

Enshakushanna's reign is largely characterized by his military campaigns, the most prominent of which was against Kish and Akshak. His attack on these two cities is attested from a stone bowl at Nippur and reads as follows:

For Enlil, king of all lands,

Enshakushanna, lord of the land of Sumer and king of the nation

when the gods commanded him,

he sacked Kish

(and) captured Enbi-Ishtar, the king of Kish.

The leader of Kish and the leader of Akshak, (when) both their cities were destroyed ...

(Lacuna)

in (?) [..] he returned to them,

but [he] dedicated their statues, their precious metals and lapis lazuli, their timber and treasure, to the god Enlil at [N]ippur.[9]

Many scholars have attributed the EDIIIb destruction layers at the Palace A and Plano-Convex Building in Kish to Enshakushanna.[10] Federico Zaina notes the archaeological evidence at Kish attests to a "pervasive violent destruction of the city of Kish at the end of the ED IIIb".[10] Apart from his attacks to the North, Enshakushanna is also known to have attacked Akkad. A year name of En-šakušuana, king of Uruk was "Year in which En-šakušuana defeated Akkad". This would have been shortly before the rise of the Akkadian Empire.[11]

Succession

He was succeeded in Uruk by Lugal-kinishe-dudu, but the hegemony seems to have passed to Eannatum of Lagash for a time. Lugal-kinishe-dudu was later allied with Entemena, a successor of Eannatum, against Lagash's principal rival, Umma.[12][13]

Inscriptions

Several inscriptions of Enshakushanna are known.

State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation:[14]

Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375 (reconstitution).[14]


𒀭𒇽𒆪𒊏 / 𒂗𒊮𒊨𒀭𒈾 /𒂗 𒆠𒂗𒄀 / 𒈗 𒌦𒈣 / 𒌉𒂍𒇷𒇷𒈾 / 𒂍𒉌𒈬𒈾𒆕
DLU2-KU-ra / en-sha3-kush2-an-na / en ki-en-gi / lugal kalam-ma / dumu e2-li-li-na#? / e2-ni mu-na-du3

"For ... (unknown god): Enshakushanna, lord of Sumer and king of all the land, son of Elilina, built the temple for Him."

— Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna,
State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375.[14][5]

The inscription states his father was "Elilina", possibly King Elulu of Ur.[15]

References

  1. ^ Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC). University of Toronto Press. pp. 429–432.
  2. ^ Tohru, Maeda (1981). ""KING OF KISH" IN PRE-SAROGONIC SUMER". Orient. 17: 5.
  3. ^ a b "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  4. ^ Clay, Albert Tobias; Hilprecht, H. V. (Hermann Vollrat) (1892). The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. Series A: Cuneiform texts. Philadelphia : Dept. of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. p. 50.
  5. ^ a b "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  6. ^ "The Emar Lexical Texts : Part 2 - Composite edition" (PDF). Openaccess.leideuniv.nl. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  7. ^ "List of Found Texts". Archived from the original on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
  8. ^ See e.g. Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen., P.48
  9. ^ "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  10. ^ a b Zaina, Federico (2020). THE URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY OF EARLY KISH: 3RD MILLENNIUM BCE LEVELS AT TELL INGHARRA (PDF). Ante Quem S.r.l. p. 147. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  11. ^ POMPONIO, Francesco. “FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON KIŠKI IN THE EBLA TEXTS.” Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 107, pp. 71–83, 2013
  12. ^ Hayes, William (1950). Chronology. Cambridge Ancient History. p. 51.
  13. ^ [1] Deena Ragavan, Cuneiform Texts and Fragments in the Harvard Art Museum / Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, vol. 2010:1, ISSN 1540-8779
  14. ^ a b c "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  15. ISBN 978-0-521-07051-5
    .
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Uruk
ca. 2350 BC 		Succeeded by
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