Flavescence dorée
Flavescence dorée | |
---|---|
Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis | |
Hosts | Vine |
Vectors | Scaphoideus titanus |
EPPO Code | PHYP64 |
Distribution | Europe (France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy), United States, Australia |
Treatment | uprooting of infected plants |
Flavescence dorée (from French "Flavescence" : yellowing and "dorée" : golden) is one of the most important and damaging
There is no cure at the moment and the way to manage its spread is by uprooting infected plants and by using selective insecticides in an area-wide pest management approach in order to reduce the hemipteran vectors.
Symptoms
The incubation period between infection and obvious symptoms is usually one year or more, depending on the response of the plant to both pathogen and environmental circumstances.[1] Flavescence dorée has the following symptoms:[1]
- leaves become yellow or red, depending on the variety
- downward rolling of leaves
- drying of stems and grapes
- there is no cold hardening
Some plants affected with Flavescence dorée may die, some may be asymptomatic while some, depending on the grapevine variety, can recover in a process currently not completely understood.[1] The S titanus can not get the Flavescence dorée from recovered and asymptomatic plants.[1]
Tests
The
Biology
Ca. Phytoplasma vitis is part of the 16SrV group (group name: Elm yellows) in the Phytoplasma taxonomy.
History
Flavescence dorée first appeared in 1949 in the
The period of milder winters and warmer springs and falls at the beginning of the 21st century allowed S. titanus to have longer periods to complete, which is a probable reason for the increase of its population and expansion in western, eastern and southern Europe.[1] Although Scaphoideus titanus descends from North America, flavescence dorée is not reported in USA and Canada.[4]
Management
Without control measures to manage Flavescence dorée it can infect all vines in a vineyard within only a couple of years.[1]
There is no cure at the moment and the way to manage its spread is by:[5][6]
- uprooting infected plants,
- using selective insecticides in an area-wide pest management approach in order to reduce the hemipteran vectors
- careful monitoring of the propagation material
Complete suppression of Flavescence dorée is not possible only with insecticides because they reduce populations of S. titanus in average by about 80-95%.[1] That is why uprooting of infected plants should be combined with insecticide application.[1]
During the period of activity of adult vector it is strongly recommended to avoid any kind of mechanical or chemical control of host plants because its unavailability could drive infected vector to disperse to other noninfected plants.[7]
It has been proposed by Antoine Caudwell, a French agriculturist who was a pioneer in research on grapevine phytoplasma diseases such as flavescence dorée, to treat plant material with hot water since 1966.[8] When later works proved the effectiveness of the hot water treatment it was recognized in EU Directive and some other organizations.[5]
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Symptoms on German variety Scheurebe
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Symptoms on German variety Scheurebe
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Symptoms on German variety Scheurebe
See also
- List of grape diseases
- black wood of grapevine or "Stolbur" or "Bois noir", another vine disease due to a Phytoplasmaspecies
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Maggi F, Bosco D, Galetto L, Palmano S, Marzachì C. Space-Time Point Pattern Analysis of Flavescence Dorée Epidemic in a Grapevine Field: Disease Progression and Recovery. Front Plant Sci. 2017 Jan 6;7:1987. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01987. PMID 28111581; PMCID: PMC5216681.
- ^ a b winepros.com.au. Oxford Companion to Wine. "grapevine yellows". Archived from the original on 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
- ^ a b winepros.com.au. Oxford Companion to Wine. "flavescence dorée". Archived from the original on 2008-08-09. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
- ISBN 9789400740327.
- ^ ISSN 0250-8052.
- ^ Gribaudo, Ivana; Ruffa, Paola (2007). "Attempts to eliminate phytoplasmas from grapevine clones by tissue culture techniques" (PDF). Bulletin of Insectology. 60: 315–316. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
- ISBN 978-981-13-2832-9.
- ^ Caudwell A (1966) L'inhibitionin vivodu virus de la "flavescence dorée" par la chaleur. Etudes de virologie. Annales des Epiphyties 17:61-66.