Football player
A football player or footballer is a
It has been estimated that there are 250 million association football players in the world,[1] and many play other forms of football.
Career
Jean-Pierre Papin has described football as a "universal language".[2] Footballers across the world and at almost any level may regularly attract large crowds of spectators, and players are the focal points of widespread social phenomena such as association football culture.
Footballers generally begin as amateurs and the best players progress to become professional players. Normally they start at a youth team (any local team) and from there, based on skill and talent, scouts offer contracts. Once signed, some learn to play better football and a few advance to the senior or professional teams.
Pay
Pay in some top men's leagues is significantly higher than in other jobs. Players in the Premier League earn an average of $3 million per year.[3] In the wealthiest clubs in European football leagues, men earn an average $7.19 million per year.[4] The best players of those clubs can earn up to $260 million per year.[5]
However, only a fraction of men's professional football players are paid at this level. Wages may be somewhat more moderate in other divisions and leagues. For example, the average annual salary for footballers in Major League Soccer (MLS) is $530,262 as of May 2023.[6]
Average salaries in women's leagues are far lower. For example, players in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), which started in 2012, earn an average of $54,000 per year as of May 2022.[7] For the first time in 2022, the NWSL guaranteed players a living wage. The minimum salary in 2023 is $36,400 to ensure players do not need second or third jobs to survive.[8]
Post-retirement
A minority of retired footballers continue working full-time in football, for instance as football managers. A 1979 study reported that former first-team ballplayers were over-represented as top-ranking executives in their companies and had greater income mobility than second-teamers and reserves.[9] However, some experience chronic health issues, see below.
Skills and specialties
Association football specialties (positions)
In association football, there are four traditional types of specialties (positions): goalkeepers (goalies), defenders (full-backs), midfielders (half-backs), and forwards (attackers). Special purpose positions include such performers as sweepers, stoppers, second forwards (under-attackers), wingers, insiders, etc.
- Goalkeepers: good reflexes, communication with defence, one-on-one ability, command of the penalty area and aerial intelligence.[10]
- Centre-backs: good heading and tackling ability, height, bravery in attempting challenges, and concentration.[11]
- Full-backs: pace, stamina, anticipation, tackling and marking abilities, work rate, and team responsibility.[12]
- Central midfielders: stamina, passing ability, team responsibility, positioning, marking abilities.[13]
- Wingers: pace, technical ability like dribbling and close control, off-the-ball intelligence, creativity.[14]
- Forwards: finishing ability, composure, technical ability, heading ability, pace, off-the-ball intelligence.[15]
American football
The American football teams' positions are categorized by a form of play where each of them has its spectrum of positions. Those are offensive, defensive, and special teams.
Australian football
Psychological aspects of performance
Research shows that association football players who take less than 200 milliseconds after the referee blows their whistle to make a penalty kick are significantly less likely to score than those who take over a second.[16][17]
Health issues
An Irish 2002 study of association and Gaelic football players characterized players as "lean and muscular with a reasonably high level of capacity in all areas of physical performance".[18] The opposite is the case for American football, where obesity could be the cause of grave health problems.[19]
A 2000 study documented injuries sustained by Czech [association] football players at all levels:[20]
Trauma was the cause of 81.5% of the injuries, and overuse was the cause of 18.5%. Joint sprains predominated (30%), followed by fractures (16%), muscle strains (15%), ligament ruptures (12%), meniscal tears and contusions (8%), and other injuries. Injuries to the knee were most prevalent (29%), followed by injuries to the ankle (19%) and spine (9%). More injuries occurred during games (59%) than in practice.
[21] Patellar tendinitis (knee pain) is considered an injury that comes from overexertion, which also happens to other athletes of virtually every sport. It is a common problem that football players develop and can usually be treated by a quadriceps strengthening program. Jumping activities place particularly high strains on the tendon and with repetitive jumping, tearing and injury of the tendon can occur. The chronic injury and healing response results in inflammation and localized pain.[22]
Although levels of depression and pain in retired football players are on par with the societal average,[23] some players suffer from post-retirement chronic injuries. Head injuries are a particular concern.
Life expectancy
Studies have long shown former American football
In association football, a 2011 German study found that German national team players lived 1.9 years less than the general male population.[27]
Football players participating in international matches for Germany have reduced longevity compared to the general population. This disadvantage was the larger, the earlier the international football player started his international career. This finding is in line with the current knowledge of life expectancy in major athletes, especially those from other team sports
A 1983 study of rugby players found that the life expectancy of All Blacks was the same as for the general population.[28]
Australian rules footballers have lower death rates than the general population.[29]
Head
American football players are prone to head injuries such as
Probably due to the repeated trauma associated with heading balls, professional association football has been suggested to increase the incidence of
[P]articipation in amateur association football in general and concussion specifically is associated with impaired performance in memory and planning functions. Due to the worldwide popularity of soccer, these observations may have important public health implications
Knee
Anterior cruciate ligaments are particularly vulnerable in most types of football due to injuries that can be sustained during tackles.
Hip
An increased incidence of
Muscles
A 2012 study of association football injuries found that 19% of all injuries were muscle injuries, of which 54% affected the thigh muscles.[38]
Sleep and psychological functioning
In a 2009 study, association football was found to be associated with favourable sleep patterns and psychological functioning in adolescent male football players.[39]
The rate of suicide among NFL vets has been found to be 59% lower than in the general population.[40]
FIFA response
In 2012, FIFA released a paper intended to identify key risk factors for association football players.[41]
Longevity and factors of mortality
In 2015, a systematic review of a sample of fifty-four peer-reviewed publications and three articles on elite athletes’ mortality and longevity, resulted in major longevity outcomes for the elite athletes (baseball, football, soccer, basketball, and cycling) "compared to age and sex-matched controls from the general population and other athletes." The span longevities were influenced by factors like the type of sport, the playing position, the race, and the energy system.[42]
International level
An
Clinical evaluation,
North America
In 2015, 205 deaths among North American professional athletes who were registered as active at the time of their decease were analysed. Data were collected for the four major sports:
In 2013, a study on 3,439 retired athletes of the National Football Leagues with at least five credited playing seasons between 1959 and 1988 did not show a statistical correlation between suicide mortality and professional activity, particularly football-related compared with the general control sample. No stratification was reported between speed and non-speed position players.[46]
Italy
Until the 2000s a very limited number of formal studies has been published on mortality from all causes in soccer players, despite the high interest of the public to the matter. An extended study held in Italy between 1975 and 2003 on a total of 5.389 players, aged 14–35 years, highlighted that, while the mortality for
Lists of players
- Lists of association football players
- List of American football players
- List of footballers (Gaelic football)
- Category: Lists of rugby league footballers
See also
- Sports unions
References
- ^ Rolin, Jack (13 July 2023), "football", Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- cafébabel. Andrew Burgess (translator). Archived from the originalon 16 June 2013.
- ^ "Premier League Salary - How Much Do Premier League Footballers Make?". 888 Sport Online. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ "EPL footballer wages England 2022". Statista. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ Birnbaum, Justin. "The World's Highest-Paid Soccer Players 2023". Forbes. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ Rueter, Paul Tenorio, Tom Bogert and Jeff. "MLS releases annual list of player salaries". The Athletic. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
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- ^ "How Much Do NWSL Players Really Make? An In-Depth Look At NWSL Salaries". The18. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
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- Birmingham Citygoalkeeper evaluates based on these attributes.
- Sheffield Wednesdaycentre back evaluates based on these attributes.
- ^ Claridge, Steve (28 October 2008). "Scouting report: Kyle Naughton, Sheffield United". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 December 2008. Scouting report on the Sheffield United full back based on these attributes.
- ^ Claridge, Steve (7 October 2008). "Scouting report: Ben Watson, Crystal Palace". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 December 2008. Scouting report on the Crystal Palace central midfielder based on these attributes.
- Wolverhampton Wandererswinger based on these attributes.
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- ^ "Football players who rush penalty kicks are less likely to score, 10 September 2009". 10 September 2009.
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- ^ Korth, Joanne (29 January 2006). "Sports: A huge problem: Strength isn't enough: NFL linemen have to be so big, their health may be at risk". Tampa Bay Times. Times Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.
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- ^ "Preventing Football Injuries". www.sportsmd.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ "Patellar Tendonitis – SportsMD". www.sportsmd.com. January 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
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- ^ Baron, Sherry; Rinsky, Robert (10 January 1994). "Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-88-085, National Football League players mortality study". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ^ Meredith, Wadman. "Former football pros die at a faster rate than baseball veterans". Science. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
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