Fort Clatsop
Fort Clatsop National Memorial | |
Location | Clatsop County, Oregon, USA |
---|---|
Nearest city | Astoria, Oregon |
Coordinates | 46°8′1″N 123°52′49″W / 46.13361°N 123.88028°W |
Area | 125.2 acres (50.7 ha) |
Built | 1805 |
NRHP reference No. | 66000640 |
Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966[1] |
Fort Clatsop was the encampment of the
The Lewis and Clark Expedition wintered at Fort Clatsop before returning east to St. Louis in the spring of 1806. It took just over three weeks for the Expedition to build the fort, and it served as their camp from December 8, 1805 until their departure on March 23, 1806.[2]
The site is now protected as part of the
Background
In 1803,
Locating and building the fort
In late November 1805, after spending a number of days in what is today the state of Washington, Lewis and Clark proposed that the Corps of Discovery move to a location along the Columbia River, based on a recommendation of the local Clatsop Indians.[4] The group decided to vote on the matter, with everyone, including the young Native American woman Sacagawea and African American slave York, participating. The group was given three choices: stay on the Washington side of the Columbia River, and be subjected to diets of fish and rainy weather, move upriver, or take the advice of the Clatsop Indians and explore the area to the south of the River. The expedition overwhelmingly decided to take the advice of the local Indians to explore the idea of spending the winter on the southern shore of the River.
Lewis decided to explore the area before moving the entire group. He and five men left to scout the area, leaving Clark and the rest of the group behind.[5] Lewis became frustrated when he could not find the abundant elk that the Clatsop had talked about. In the meantime, Clark had not heard from his companion in a number of days and became increasingly worried. During Lewis' absence, the group performed a number of housekeeping tasks, including fixing their clothes from the wear they had suffered during the long and arduous journey.
Finally, Lewis returned with the news that he had found an adequate location in which to winter. On December 7, 1805, the Corps of Discovery began the short journey to the location chosen by Lewis. Upon arrival, the men split into different groups: Clark led a party to the Pacific Ocean in search of salt, while Lewis split the remaining men into two groups. One group was in charge of hunting, while the other was in charge of cutting down trees to be used in the construction of the fort.[6]
Construction of the fort was slow, due to the incessant precipitation and unyielding wind that made working conditions less than ideal. On December 23, people started to move into the dwelling, even though it didn't yet have a roof. The next day, Christmas Eve, everyone moved in. On Christmas Day it was named "Fort Clatsop" in reference to the local Indian tribe.[4][6]
The structures of Fort Clatsop were relatively simple, consisting of two buildings surrounded by large walls. All of the men lived in one structure, while Lewis, Clark, Sacagawea, her husband Toussaint Charbonneau, and their son, Jean Baptiste, stayed in the other.
Winter activities
The winter of 1805–1806 was very long and rainy, leading to boredom and restlessness for the Corps of Discovery. They passed the time with various activities, including hunting the abundant deer and elk in the region.[7] The deer and elk meat spoiled quickly, but the skins were used to make clothing and moccasins. Realizing the importance of their trip, Lewis spent most of his time at Fort Clatsop documenting the journey, taking notes on the wildlife, terrain, and other features. Lewis also made maps of the area, which would be especially helpful to future settlers of the Pacific Northwest. Finally, Lewis and Clark occasionally traded with the Clatsop Indians, a tribe they had come to dislike, viewing them as untrustworthy and prone to theft.
Ultimately, the group's time along the Columbia River merely served as a place to spend the winter and recoup. The men were suffering from a number of different illnesses and conditions, including venereal diseases and respiratory problems, and felt that departing would make them all feel better.
Departure
Toward the end of the monotonous winter they spent at Fort Clatsop, the men were desperate to return east. Everyone was sick and quite restless, and the steady diet of elk was becoming unbearable. Moreover, even the elk were becoming more difficult to find.[8] Originally, Meriwether Lewis determined the departure date would be April 1, but it was later moved up to March 20. Ultimately, they didn't leave until two days after that due to poor weather.[8]
In order to travel back up the Columbia and reach the mountains, the group was desperately in need of canoes. The Clatsops had a number of them, but refused to trade with Lewis and Clark. Eventually, an agreement was reached for one canoe, but Lewis decided they had no choice but to steal a second one, since they couldn't all travel without at least two boats.
On March 22, the Corps of Discovery began the long journey back to St. Louis. Lewis decided not to send any of the men back with a copy of his notes by sea, as was usually customary, because of the small number of people in the group. Instead, Lewis decided that the group would travel two different routes, in order to see as much of the territory as possible on the way back to St. Louis.
Later use
As a parting gift, Lewis gave Fort Clatsop to Coboway, the chief of the Clatsops.[9] Lewis and Clark had no use for the fort, as they were returning east with no plans to revisit the fort in the near future.[10] Because of the heavy rainfall of the region, the original Fort Clatsop had rotted away by the middle of the 19th century.[11]
The Clatsops used the fort as a useful base for security and other purposes, though they did strip away part of the wood for other uses.[12] The area soon became a very important site for the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest. The location of the fort near the Pacific Ocean and the Columbia River made it a natural site for the fur trade, which expanded rapidly in the years after Lewis and Clark left. Numerous fur trading companies, including the American Fur Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, constructed headquarters in the region.[13]
Since then, there have been two reconstruction efforts. The first, in 1955, lasted for 50 years until a fire destroyed the entire structure in the late evening of October 3, 2005. Federal, state, and community officials immediately pledged to rebuild it. A
The replica of the fort isn't in the exact location of the original, as no remains of the original fort have been found. However, it is thought to be quite close to the exact location.[16]
See also
References
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ISBN 0684826976.
- ^ "Lewis and Clark National Historical Park Designation Act, P.L. 108–387". uscode.house.gov. October 30, 2004. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
- ^ ISBN 0313316619.
- ISBN 978-0982559710.
- ^ a b Ambrose (1997), pp. 318.
- ^ Nicandri (2010), p. 235.
- ^ a b Ambrose (1997), pp. 333-334.
- ^ Nicandri (2010), p. 244.
- ^ Ambrose (1997), p. 336.
- ^ Fort Clatsop National Park Service Accessed 9 November 2014.
- ^ "Fort Clatsop Site, 1900".
- ^ "Euro-American Adaptation and Importation: 1800–1850: Early Exploration and Fur-Trading Outposts".
- ^ Komo News Dispatcher Tells 911 Caller Fort Clatsop Fire Was Just Fog Accessed 21 July 2016.
- ^ The Seattle Times No signs of arson in Fort Clatsop fire. Accessed 9 November 2014.
- ^ "Fort Clatsop".
Further reading
- Frederick L. Brown (Winter 2006). "Imagining Fort Clatsop". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 107 (4). Archived from the original on 2008-12-07.
External links
- Lewis and Clark National Historical Park - National Park Service
- History of Fort Clatsop - National Park Service
- Fort Clatsop & N. Oregon coast - The Seattle Times - Travel - 05-April-2007
- The Lewis & Clark Expedition: Documenting the Uncharted Northwest Name, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
- "Fort Clatsop National Memorial". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 28 November 1980. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
- Cannon-Miller, Kelly. "Fort Clatsop". The Oregon Encyclopedia.