Fountains Fell Tarn
Fountains Fell Tarn | ||
---|---|---|
Primary inflows None | | |
Primary outflows | Darnbrook Beck Cowside Beck | |
Catchment area | 37 acres (15 ha) | |
Basin countries | England | |
Surface area | 4.9 acres (2 ha) | |
Average depth | 1 foot 8 inches (0.5 m) | |
Water volume | 3,000,000 cubic feet (86,000 m3) | |
Shore length1 | 0.62 miles (1 km) | |
Surface elevation | 2,116 feet (645 m) | |
References | [1][2] | |
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. |
Fountains Fell Tarn, is an upland lake between the two peaks of Fountains Fell, in North Yorkshire, England. The tarn is close to the Pennine Way, some 4.3 miles (7 km) north west of Malham Tarn, and 4.3 miles (7 km) east of Horton in Ribblesdale. Water from the tarn flows eastwards through Cowside Beck, which is a tributary of the River Skirfare in Littondale. Whilst the water in the lake is acidic, as it runs off the mountain, it flows over Yoredale beds limestone and so becomes a harder (more alkaline) water.
Description
Fountains Fell Tarn occupies a shallow basin created by glacial activity in the
Fountains Fell has two peaks, 2,192 feet (668 m) at the north, and 2,172 feet (662 m) at the south. The tarn sits between the two peaks at a height of 2,116 feet (645 m) above sea level,[10][11] and 4.3 miles (7 km) north west of Malham Tarn and 4.3 miles (7 km) east of Horton-in-Ribblesdale.[12][13] The tarn lies fairly shallow on a flat plateau among the eroding peat bog (which supplies its acidity).[14] The bottom of the tarn was recorded in the 1950s as being largely composed of sand with some peat encroachment.[15]
Although the tarn is on average just 1 foot 8 inches (0.5 m) deep,[2] it is estimated to have an average volume of 3,000,000 cubic feet (86,000 m3).[1] It is often frozen for long periods of time during the winter due to its height near the summit of Fountains Fell.[16] Between 1949 and 1955, snow was recorded to have fallen on average of 47 days every year and an average air temperature of 7 °C (40 °F). By the period of 1992 to 1997, the average air temperature had risen to 7.2 °C (40 °F) with at least 129 days of cloud cover in 1995.[17]
Water bugs and water beetles were found to be present in the tarn, but freshwater shrimp (gammarus pulex) was absent. This was attributed to the low calcium levels in the tarn, as the species was abundant in the streams and becks draining from it.[18]
The tarn is accessible from the Pennine Way, which runs across Fountains Fell to the east of the tarn.[19]
Water pH values
Name | 1958 | August 1980 | April 1981 | August 1981 | September 2003 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fountains Fell Tarn | 3.6 | 3.92 | 4.25 | 4.11 | 3.7 |
Malham Tarn | 8.0 | 7.98 | 8.37 | 8.59 | N/A |
Fountains Fell Tarn's inflow is precipitation, whereas, most of the water in Malham Tarn has arrived from streams and becks which flow over limestone, accruing alkalinity as it travels over the bedrock.[23]
Naming
The tarn is named after the mountain it is located on; Fountains Fell. This was first recorded as Fountains Fell in 1540, named after Fountains Abbey who owned the sheep pasture rights on the mountain.[note 3][25] The first written record of the name Fountains Fell Tarn, was in 1858,[26] with the word tarn, a commonplace name for upland lakes, deriving from the Old Scandinavian tjǫrn.[27] On the road through Silverdale, between Pen-y-ghent and Fountains Fell, to Halton Gill, lies the Ulfkil Cross base.[28] The cross records the boundary between Stainforth and Malham Moors townships, and in written records lists the mountain (Fountains Fell as Gnup) and the tarn as Suartecumbe.[29]
Sometimes the lake is recorded as Fountains Tarn.[21][30]
See also
Notes
- ^ Water draining southwards from Fountains Fell, forms part of the supply for the River Aire, whilst water from the tarn, forms water for the River Wharfe. Water draining off Fountains Fell to the west ends up in the River Ribble.[3]
- ^ The habitat in around Fountains Fell Tarn has been described as extreme on account of an average pH value of 3–5.[6]
- ^ Whilst the abbey was dissolved in 1539 on order of Henry VIII, the rights to farm on the fell would have been extant from the abbey's inception (c. 1132). This is the first written record of the name Fountains Fell.[24]
References
- ^ a b "Fountains Fell Tarn Water Body ID 29765". eip.ceh.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Woof & Jackson 1988, p. 161.
- OCLC 5824116.
- ^ Woof & Jackson 1988, p. 173.
- ^ "Cowside Beck from Source to River Skirfare". environment.data.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ a b Gilbert et al 2006, p. 32.
- ^ Woof & Jackson 1988, p. 160.
- OCLC 698476241.
- ^ Gilbert et al 2006, p. 10.
- ISBN 978-0-319-26335-8.
- ^ "Fountains Fell Tarn, Craven". getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
- ^ Woof & Jackson 1988, p. 163.
- ISBN 978-0-319-26331-0.
- ^ Gilbert et al 2006, p. 19.
- ^ Roberts 1960, p. 22.
- ^ Woof & Jackson 1988, pp. 170–171.
- ISSN 0428-304X.
- ^ Gilbert et al 2006, p. 23.
- ISBN 1860770886.
- ^ Roberts 1960, pp. 25–26.
- ^ a b Woof & Jackson 1988, p. 182.
- ^ Gilbert et al 2006, p. 41.
- ^ Woof & Jackson 1988, p. 176.
- ^ "The history of Fountains Abbey". nationaltrust.org.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Fountains Fell :: Survey of English Place-Names". epns.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Fountains Fell Tarn :: Survey of English Place-Names". epns.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- OCLC 1120804774.
- ^ Historic England. "Ulfkill cross base, Malham Moor (1004895)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ISSN 0084-4276.
- ^ "Weekend Walk: Fountains Fell". The Yorkshire Post. 9 July 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
Sources
- Gilbert, Oliver; Goldie, Helen; Hodgson, David; Marker, Margaret; Pentecost, Allan; Proctor, Michael; Richardson, Douglas (2006). The ecology of Cowside Beck : a tributary of the river Skirfare in the Malham area of Yorkshire. Settle: FSC. ISBN 1851532188.
- Roberts, R E (1960). A study of the distribution of certain members of the Saprolegniales (Thesis). London: Royal Holloway College. OCLC 1006205374.
- Woof, C; Jackson, E (1988). "Some aspects of the water chemistry in the area around Malham Tarn, North Yorkshire". Fields Studies Journal. 7 (1). Shrewsbury: FSC. ISSN 0428-304X.