Gaius Antonius Hybrida
Gaius Antonius Hybrida | |
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Gaius Octavius | |
Personal details | |
Nationality | Roman |
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Military service | |
Allegiance | Roman Army |
Rank | Legatus |
Commands |
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Battles/wars | |
Gaius Antonius Hybrida (flourished 1st century BC) was a politician of the
Hybrida's career began under
In 60 BC, Hybrida was quietly removed from the position of governor of Macedonia and replaced by
Family
Hybrida was the younger of two sons of Marcus Antonius the Orator; his brother was Marcus Antonius Creticus.[3] He had also a sister, Antonia.[4][5] He was also the uncle and father-in-law of Mark Antony.[3][6] Hybrida had two daughters;[7] Antonia Hybrida Major (Major Latin for the elder) who married the Roman tribune Lucius Caninius Gallus[7] and Antonia Hybrida Minor (Minor Latin for the younger) who married her paternal first cousin Mark Antony as his second wife.[7] By his daughters, he had at least two grandchildren; Lucius Caninius Gallus by Antonia Maior and Antonia by Antonia Minor.[7]
Early career
Mithridatic Wars
In 87 BC, Hybrida accompanied Lucius Cornelius Sulla on his campaign against
Expulsion from, and return to, the Senate
Years later, in 70 BC, the censors
Consulship
Cicero, upon becoming consul, immediately moved to strike a deal with his consular colleague Hybrida, who had supported Catiline and his party, and who might join a rebellion against the state.[3] In exchange for what amounted to the sole consulship for Cicero, Hybrida was to receive the rich consular province of Macedonia.[3][13][15] Hybrida himself was heavily in debt and was wasteful of his money, and the wealth of Macedonia could be used by him to restore his lost fortune.[3][13]
Catiliniarian Conspiracy
Catiline was once again a candidate for the consulship for the year of 62 BC.[16][17] As part of his campaign, Catiline promised reforms to reduce and cancel debts, a proposal which brought him the support of bankrupt aristocrats, debtors, and poor farmers whose agricultural ventures had failed.[16][17] This proposal, however, also pitched the conservatives, moderates and members of the Senate against him.[16][17] On the day of the elections, Cicero attended wearing a breastplate under his tunic in an attempt to raise the alarm in the Senate and provoke the fear that Catiline might resort to violence as consul.[16][17] In the end, Lucius Licinius Murena and Decimus Junius Silanus were elected to the position of consul and Catiline's bid for the position had once again failed.[16][17] In response, and having lost hope of having a successful political career, Catiline began to conspire against the Senate.[16][17] Cicero employed spies to keep tabs on Catiline and began to piece together a case against Catiline to be brought to the Senate.[16][17] In the midst of these developments, Hybrida first tried to remain on the fence, but was forced to action in the face of the risk of having himself charged as a co-conspirator.[6] On 6 November 63, Cicero learned of a plot to have himself and other members of the Senate assassinated and Rome set on fire and sacked.[17] While this was happening, Catiline and an army of his supporters, under the command of Gaius Manlius, were to march on Rome and take control of the city.[17] In response to these allegations, Cicero called a meeting of the Senate which Catiline himself attended.[17] At this meeting, Cicero launched an attack against Catiline denouncing him "to his face" while providing the details of the plot that he had learned of the night before.[16][17] After this meeting, Catiline fled the city of Rome to join up with Manlius and an army of approximately 10,000 men at Etruria.[16][17] The Senate, upon becoming aware of this, issued a senatus consultum ultimum declaring Catiline and his army as enemies of the state.[16][17] Finally, Cicero arrested five men to be brought to the Senate for an immediate trial, the outcome of which was an order for their executions which was delivered and enacted by the Senate.[18]
Towards the end of 63, Hybrida went to Etruria to assist the praetor
Governor of Macedonia
Hybrida immediately, upon receiving his governorship of Macedonia, set about robbing and plundering the provincials.[19] An accountant in his court spread a report claiming that Hybrida's plundering had yielded as much profit for Cicero as it did for Hybrida himself; however, if he had indeed robbed the provincials on Cicero's account he never paid his dues to Cicero.[19] Hybrida then began to move on to the barbarian lands around Macedonia with the same intent to pillage as he had in Macedonia.[20] It was during these incursions that Hybrida suffered two successive defeats: the first came at the hands of the Dardanians after he had encroached upon their land in Lower Moesia, and the second took place near the Greek polis of Histria in Upper Moesia.[20] The ancient Roman historian Cassius Dio narrates the events thus:
The latter, while governor of Macedonia, had inflicted many injuries upon the subject territory as well as upon that which was in alliance with Rome, and had suffered many disasters in return. For after ravaging the possessions of the Dardanians and their neighbours, he did not dare to await their attack, but pretending to retire with his cavalry for some other purpose, took to flight; in this way the enemy surrounded his infantry and forcibly drove them out of the country, even taking away their plunder from them. When he tried the same tactics on the allies in Moesia, he was defeated near the city of the Istrians by the Bastarnian Scythians who came to their aid; and thereupon he ran away.
Cassius Dio's Roman History, Book XXXVIII, 10
In both of these instances, a failed retreat by Hybrida and his cavalry led to his unit being absolutely defeated and any plunder accrued during the attack was forfeited back to the natives.
Exile and later career
During his exile at Cephellenia, Hybrida pretended to act as governor of the island which the people secretly allowed.[3] In 49 BC, his nephew, Mark Antony, was elected to the role of tribune of the people and a legate of Caesar's in Italy. Despite this, Hybrida remained in exile until 47 when he returned to Rome at the request of Caesar himself.[3] One possible explanation for this is that Mark Antony was indebted to Hybrida; as Hybrida was in exile and had no civil rights, he could not enforce a payment and this suited Mark Antony.[3] Hybrida was a candidate for censorship around 45; his character and support from Mark Antony, however, doomed his candidacy.[3] The final mention of Hybrida during his life comes from Cicero who commented upon Mark Antony's divorce from Antonia Hybrida Major and the insult this conferred upon Hybrida himself.[3]
Notes
- ^ The highest elected office in Rome.[1]
- ^ The censors were responsible for reviewing the list of Senators, taking census information and maintaining public morality.[2]
- ^ The title of Praetor was conferred onto somebody acting in one of two official capacities; judicial duties within Rome or as commander of an army outside of Rome.[2]
- ^ Aediles were responsible for the maintenance of markets, roads, food supply, archives and the hosting of annual games. There were two pairs of Aediles; two Plebeian aediles who were presided over by tribunes and two Curule aediles who were presided over by the consuls.[2]
Citations
- ISBN 978-0-86516-633-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4443-5720-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3. Longman. 1843. p. 98.
Caius Antonius Hybrida.
- ^ "A to Z of ancient Greek and Roman women | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 24. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
- ^ Smith, William (2005). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood. p. 209.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-935149-06-4.
- ^ a b c d Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3. Longman. 1843. pp. 78–79.
- ^ ISBN 0-674-09001-2.
- ^ Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable Enemy, pp 38-42.
- ^ Philip Matyszak, Mithridates the Great, Rome's indomitable Enemy, pp 44-47.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.
- ISBN 1-134-22033-2.
Gaius Antonius.
- ^ ISBN 1-134-22033-2.
Gaius Antonius.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1.
- ^ ISBN 1-134-22033-2.
- ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1.
- ^ a b Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3. Longman. 1843. pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b c d e f g Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3. Longman. 1843. pp. 99.
- ^ Dio, Cassius (n.d.). Roman History. pp. Book XXXVIII, 10, 1–3.
- ^ ISBN 1-134-22033-2.
- ISBN 0-674-09001-2.
Gelzer, Caesar 21.
- ISBN 0-674-09001-2.
Gelzer, Caesar 21.
References
- Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3. Longman. 1843.
- Dio, Cassius. Roman History.
- Dunstan, William (2010). Ancient Rome. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1.
- Fields, Nic (2010). Warlords of Republican Rome: Caesar Against Pompey. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-935149-06-4.
- Gelzer, Matthias (1968). Caesar: Politician and Statesmen. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-09001-2.
- Kamm, Antony (2006). Julius Caesar: A Life. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-22033-2.
- Tucker, Spencer (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5.