Galectin-9
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| Location (UCSC) | Chr 17: 27.63 – 27.65 Mb | n/a | |||||||
| PubMed search | [2] | n/a | |||||||
| View/Edit Human | |||
Galectin-9 was first isolated from mouse embryonic kidney in 1997 as a 36 kDa beta-galactoside lectin protein.[3] Human galectin-9 is encoded by the LGALS9 gene.[4][5]
Function
The protein has N- and C- terminal carbohydrate-binding domains connected by a link peptide. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[5]
Galectin-9 is one of the most studied ligands for HAVCR2 (TIM-3) and is expressed on various tumor cells. However, it can also interact with other proteins (CLEC7A,[6] CD137,[7] CD40[8]). For example, an interaction with CD40 on T-cells inhibits their proliferation and induces cell death.[8]
Galectin-9 also has important cytoplasmic, intracellular functions and controls
Clinical significance
The expression of galectin-9 has been detected on various hematological malignancies, such as CLL,[12] MDS,[13] Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphomas,[14] AML[15] or solid tumors, such as lung cancer,[16] breast cancer,[17] and hepatocellular carcinoma.[18]
HAVCR2/ galectin-9 interaction attenuated T-cell expansion and effectors function in tumor microenvironment and chronic infections.[19][15] Moreover, galectin-9 contributed to tumorigenesis by tumor cell transformation, cell-cycle regulation, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion.[20] The correlative studies analyzing the expression of galectin-9 and malignant clinical features showed controversial results. This can be explained as that galectin-9 can promote tumor immune escape as well as inhibit metastasis by promoting endothelial adhesion.[18] Therefore many factors such as tumor type, stage, and the involvement of different galectins should be take into consideration when correlating the expression level and the malignancy.
Galectin-9, through its cytoplasmic action in control of AMPK,
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000168961 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 9038233.
- PMID 9045665.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: LGALS9 lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 9 (galectin 9)".
- PMID 28394331.
- PMID 24958847.
- ^ PMID 22685601.
- ^ PMID 29625033.
- ^ PMID 31995728.
- PMID 17686764.
- PMID 28843266.
- PMID 29179486.
- S2CID 205264381.
- ^ PMID 28750861.
- PMID 29452091.
- S2CID 15041189.
- ^ PMID 22938412.
- PMID 20819927.
- S2CID 6614531.
Further reading
- Hirashima M, Kashio Y, Nishi N, Yamauchi A, Imaizumi TA, Kageshita T, Saita N, Nakamura T (2004). "Galectin-9 in physiological and pathological conditions". Glycoconjugate Journal. 19 (7–9): 593–600. S2CID 11006101.
- Maruyama K, Sugano S (January 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. PMID 8125298.
- Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (October 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. PMID 9373149.
- Matsumoto R, Matsumoto H, Seki M, Hata M, Asano Y, Kanegasaki S, Stevens RL, Hirashima M (July 1998). "Human ecalectin, a variant of human galectin-9, is a novel eosinophil chemoattractant produced by T lymphocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (27): 16976–84. PMID 9642261.
- Matsumoto R, Hirashima M, Kita H, Gleich GJ (February 2002). "Biological activities of ecalectin: a novel eosinophil-activating factor". Journal of Immunology. 168 (4): 1961–7. PMID 11823532.
- Kageshita T, Kashio Y, Yamauchi A, Seki M, Abedin MJ, Nishi N, Shoji H, Nakamura T, Ono T, Hirashima M (June 2002). "Possible role of galectin-9 in cell aggregation and apoptosis of human melanoma cell lines and its clinical significance". International Journal of Cancer. 99 (6): 809–16. S2CID 205934076.
- Imaizumi T, Kumagai M, Sasaki N, Kurotaki H, Mori F, Seki M, Nishi N, Fujimoto K, Tanji K, Shibata T, Tamo W, Matsumiya T, Yoshida H, Cui XF, Takanashi S, Hanada K, Okumura K, Yagihashi S, Wakabayashi K, Nakamura T, Hirashima M, Satoh K (September 2002). "Interferon-gamma stimulates the expression of galectin-9 in cultured human endothelial cells". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 72 (3): 486–91. S2CID 17010289.
- Asakura H, Kashio Y, Nakamura K, Seki M, Dai S, Shirato Y, Abedin MJ, Yoshida N, Nishi N, Imaizumi T, Saita N, Toyama Y, Takashima H, Nakamura T, Ohkawa M, Hirashima M (November 2002). "Selective eosinophil adhesion to fibroblast via IFN-gamma-induced galectin-9". Journal of Immunology. 169 (10): 5912–8. PMID 12421975.
- Kashio Y, Nakamura K, Abedin MJ, Seki M, Nishi N, Yoshida N, Nakamura T, Hirashima M (April 2003). "Galectin-9 induces apoptosis through the calcium-calpain-caspase-1 pathway". Journal of Immunology. 170 (7): 3631–6. PMID 12646627.
- Abedin MJ, Kashio Y, Seki M, Nakamura K, Hirashima M (May 2003). "Potential roles of galectins in myeloid differentiation into three different lineages". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 73 (5): 650–6. S2CID 21337581.
- Matsuda A, Suzuki Y, Honda G, Muramatsu S, Matsuzaki O, Nagano Y, Doi T, Shimotohno K, Harada T, Nishida E, Hayashi H, Sugano S (May 2003). "Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways". Oncogene. 22 (21): 3307–18. S2CID 38880905.
- Irie A, Yamauchi A, Kontani K, Kihara M, Liu D, Shirato Y, Seki M, Nishi N, Nakamura T, Yokomise H, Hirashima M (April 2005). "Galectin-9 as a prognostic factor with antimetastatic potential in breast cancer". Clinical Cancer Research. 11 (8): 2962–8. S2CID 15041189.
- Kasamatsu A, Uzawa K, Nakashima D, Koike H, Shiiba M, Bukawa H, Yokoe H, Tanzawa H (August 2005). "Galectin-9 as a regulator of cellular adhesion in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines". International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 16 (2): 269–73. PMID 16012760.
- Dai SY, Nakagawa R, Itoh A, Murakami H, Kashio Y, Abe H, Katoh S, Kontani K, Kihara M, Zhang SL, Hata T, Nakamura T, Yamauchi A, Hirashima M (September 2005). "Galectin-9 induces maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells". Journal of Immunology. 175 (5): 2974–81. PMID 16116184.
- Zhu C, Anderson AC, Schubart A, Xiong H, Imitola J, Khoury SJ, Zheng XX, Strom TB, Kuchroo VK (December 2005). "The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity". Nature Immunology. 6 (12): 1245–52. S2CID 24886582.
- van de Weyer PS, Muehlfeit M, Klose C, Bonventre JV, Walz G, Kuehn EW (December 2006). "A highly conserved tyrosine of Tim-3 is phosphorylated upon stimulation by its ligand galectin-9". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 351 (2): 571–6. PMID 17069754.