Gangaikonda Cholapuram

Coordinates: 11°12′23.2″N 79°26′54″E / 11.206444°N 79.44833°E / 11.206444; 79.44833
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Gaṅgaikoṇḍa Chōḻapuram
Town
Gaṅgaikoṇda Chōḻapuram
UTC+5:30 (IST
)

Gaṅgaikoṇḍa Chōḻapuram is a village located near to

Rajendra I
, and served as the capital for around 250 years.

The town is about approximately 125 kilometres (78 mi) northeast of Tiruchirapalli international airport. As of 2014, the ancient city exists as a heritage town in the Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu, India. The great Arulmigu Peruvudaiyar Temple at this place is next only to the Arulmigu Peruvudaiyar Kovil at Thanjavur in its monumental nature and surpasses it in sculptural quality.[1] It has been recognised as a World Heritage site by UNESCO.[2]

Etymology

History

Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple Entrance

The city was founded by

Pala Dynasty. The translation of the city's name may be split into Gangai (Ganga
)/ Konda (Obtained)/ Chola (Chola)/ Puram (City). Hence, it refers to the city of the Cholas built on a locale to commemorate the occasion when the water of the Ganga was obtained. It is now a small village, its past eminence only remembered by the existence of the Mahashiva Temple. The Chola Empire included the whole of southern India to the river Tungabhadra in the north. For administrative and strategic purposes, they built a new capital and named it Gangaikonda Cholapuram.

The city seems to have had two fortifications, one inner and the other outer. The outer was probably wider. The remains of the outer fortification can be seen as a mound running all around the palace.

Ruins of the ancient city

Excavations suggest that the outer fortification was built of burnt bricks, was about six to eight feet wide. It consisted of two walls, the intervening space (the core) being filled with sand. The bricks are fairly large in size and are made of well-burnt clay.[3][4] The Tamil Nadu State Archaeological Department has taken up fresh excavations to probe a nearby village named Ayudhkalam which is believed to have weapon manufacturing workshops, as the name suggests.[5]

The surviving temple in Gangaikonda Cholapuram was completed in 1035 CE.

Ganges River water and pour it into the well of this temple.[3]

Rajendra I, according to Tamil tradition, thereafter assumed the name of Gangaikonda Cholan, meaning the one who conquered the Ganges. He established Gangaikonda Cholapuram as his capital from the medieval Chola capital of

sastra texts.[3] These included a Dharma Sasta, Vishnu and other temples. However, all of these were destroyed in the late 13th and 14th centuries except the Brihadishvara temple. The other Chola landmarks are evidenced by soil covered mounds and excavated broken pillar stumps and brick walls found over an area of several kilometres from the surviving temple.[3][4]

The reasons for the city's destruction are unclear. According to Vansanthi, the

kumbhabhishekam.[14][15]

Arts and architecture

Chola rulers were patrons of the arts and architecture. They built the temple of Gangaikondacholisvara. The temple has sculptures of exceptional quality. The bronzes of Bhogasakti and Subrahmanya are masterpieces of Chola metal icons. The Saurapitha (Solar altar), the lotus altar with eight deities, is considered auspicious.[2] The shiva lingam is made from single rock.

The Chola rulers constructed enormous stone temple complexes with intricate carvings of Hindu gods. Rajaraja I built the famous Brihdrishvara temple at Thanjavur, which is about 50 km away from city of Gangaikonda Cholapuram, between 1003 and 1010 CE. Shiva is worshipped here. The grandeur of this temple has not been diminished by age. There is a massive statue of Nandi, the sacred bull of Shiva, in the central courtyard of the temple.

The exquisite bronze statues of the Chola period are known the world over for their grace and lifelike appearance. Many beautiful figures of Nataraja, or the dancing Shiva, were made during the Chola era.

Royal Palace

Remains of Royal Palace as of 2005 in Maligaimedu Village

The royal palace also was built of burnt brick. The ceilings were covered with flat tiles of small size, laid in a number of courses, in fine lime mortar. The pillars were probably made of polished wood, supported on granite bases; a few pillar bases have survived to this day. Iron nails and clamps have been recovered from this palace site. There is a tunnel that links the palace and the temple inner 1st prakaara (north).

Side View of Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple.

In the reign of

Virarajendra Chola
, Rajendra's third son, the palace at Gangaikondacholapuram is referred to as Chola-Keralan Thirumaligai (Chola Keralan palace) evidently after one of the titles of Rajendra I. The same inscription mentions a few parts of the palace as adibhumi (the ground floor), Kilaisopana (the eastern portico), and a seat named Mavali vanadhirajan. Evidently the palace was multistoried. In an inscription dated in the 49th year of Kulothunga I (1119 CE) reference is made to Gangaikondacholamaligai at this place. It is likely that there were more than one royals building each having their own name.

Ardhanarishvara (half Shiva, half Parvati) statue in Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple

Roads and City gates

Excavated Ancient Stone Sculptures

Besides the names of the palace and fort walls, the names of a few roads and streets are preserved in the epigraphs. The entryways named Thiruvasal, the eastern gate and the Vembugudi gate, evidently the south gate leading to the village Vembugudi situated in that direction are mentioned. Reference is also found to highways named after Rajaraja and Rajendra as Rajarajan Peruvali and Rajendran Peruvali. Other streets mentioned in epigraphs are the ten streets (Pattu teru), the gateway lane (Thiruvasal Narasam) and the Suddhamali lane. The inscription also refers to the highways, Kulottungacholan Thirumadil peruvali, Vilangudaiyan Peruvali and Kulaiyanai pona Peruvali (the highway through which a short elephant passed by).

City layout

The epigraphs also refer to the Madhurantaka Vadavaru, now called the Vadavaru, running about six kilometers east of the ruined capital. Madhurantaka Vedavaru, named after one of the titles of Rajendra I, was a source of irrigation to a vast stretch of land bordering the capital. An irrigation channel called Anaivettuvan is also mentioned.

"Anaivettuvan" - Anai means irrigation (step irrigation) vettuvan means labour or engineer.

There were both wet and dry lands inside the Fort, used for cultivation and other purposes. The present positions of the existing temples throw some light on the lay out of the city. With the palace as the centre to the city, the great temple, and the other temples in the city seem to have been erected. Towards the northeast (Isanya) of the palace is the great temple of Siva. The Siva temple according to

Vastu and traditional texts should be in the northeast of the city or village and should face east. The temple of Vishnu
should be in the west.

A number of small tanks and ponds mentioned in inscriptions and a number of wells, supplied drinking water to the residents.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Thanjavur was a target of both Muslim and Hindu neighboring kingdoms, both near and far. The Madurai Sultanate was established in the 14th century, after the disastrous invasions and plunder of South India by Ala ud-Din Khalji's armies of Delhi Sultanate led by Malik Kafur.[13] Later Adil Shahi Sultanate, Qutb Shahis, Randaula Khan and others from east and west coasts of South India raided it, and some occupied it for a few years.[12]

References

  1. ISSN 0047-8555
    .
  2. ^ a b "Great Living Chola Temples".
  3. ^ a b c d S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975, pp. 241–249.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-981-230-938-9
    .
  5. ^ "Iron nails, earthen tiles found at Ariyalur site | Trichy News - Times of India". The Times of India. TNN. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  6. ISBN 9780231515245
    .
  7. ISBN 9781610690263
    .
  8. ^ Pillai, J.M. Somanasundaram (1994). The great temple at Tanjore. Tamil University, Thanjavur. pp. 109–111.
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7864-9033-2
    .
  10. ^ George Michell (1986). Islamic heritage of the Deccan. Mārg Publications. p. 8.
  11. ISBN 978-90-04-16859-6
    .
  12. ^ a b c George Michell (2008), Architecture and art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 16-21, 89-91
  13. ^ George Michell (2008), Architecture and art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 9-13, 16-21
  14. ^ Balaganessin, M. (31 January 2017). "Gangaikondacholapuram temple to be consecrated". The Hindu.
  15. ^ "Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple Kumbabishekam | கங்கைகொண்ட சோழபுரத்தில் கும்பாபிஷேகம் கோலாகலம்!" (in Tamil).

Bibliography

External links
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