Genetic monitoring

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Genetic monitoring is the use of

allozyme data. Species gene diversity is also recognized as an important biodiversity metric for implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity.[1]

Types

Types of population changes that can be detected by genetic monitoring include population growth and decline, spread of pathogens, adaptation to environmental change, hybridization, introgression and

genetic markers (markers for which mutational changes do not change their adaptive fitness within a population). However markers showing adaptive responses to environmental change can be ‘non-neutral’ (e.g. mutational changes affect their relative fitness within a population).

Categories of Genetic Monitoring as defined by Schwartz et al. 2007[2]

Two broad categories of genetic monitoring have been defined:

population genetic parameters, which include estimators of effective population size
(Ne), genetic variation, population inter-mixing, structure and migration.

Examples

Estimating abundance and life history parameters – Category Ia

At the individual level, genetic identification can enable estimation of population abundance and population increase rates within the framework of

mark-recapture models. For example, DNA from feathers shed by the eastern imperial eagle shows lower cumulative survival over time than seen for other long-lived raptors.[7]

  • Grizzly bear
    Grizzly bear
  • Brush-tailed rock-wallaby
    Brush-tailed rock-wallaby
  • Snow leopard
    Snow leopard
  • Eastern imperial eagle
    Eastern imperial eagle

Identifying species – Category Ib

Use of molecular genetic techniques to identify species can be useful for a number of reasons. Species identification in the wild can be used to detect changes in population ranges or site occupancy, rates of

ducks,[16] barred owl and spotted owl,[17] and Lessepsian rabbitfish[18]
).

  • Iberian lynx
    Iberian lynx
  • Wolverine
    Wolverine
  • Canadian lynx
    Canadian lynx
  • Spotted owl
    Spotted owl

Species identification is also of considerable utility in monitoring

sea horses[22] and sharks.[23] Such surveys are used to provide ongoing monitoring of the quantity and movement of fisheries and wildlife products through markets and for detecting poaching or other illegal, unreported or unregulated (IUU) exploitation [19] (e.g. IUU fishing
).

Although initial applications focused on species identification and population assessments, market surveys also provide the opportunity for a range of molecular ecology investigations including capture-recapture, assignment tests and population modeling.[19] These developments are potentially relevant to genetic monitoring Category II.

Monitoring population genetic parameters – Category II

Monitoring of population changes through genetic means can be done retrospectively, through analysis of

grizzly bears,[3][36][37] cod,[38] red deer,[39] Leopard frogs[40] and Barrel Medic.[41][42]

  • Galapagos giant tortoise
    Galapagos giant tortoise
  • Atlantic salmon
    Atlantic salmon
  • Hector's dolphin
    Hector's dolphin
  • Northern leopard frog
    Northern leopard frog

Genetic monitoring has also been increasingly used in studies that monitor environmental changes through changes in the frequency of adaptively selected markers. For example, the genetically controlled photo-periodic response (hibernating time) of pitcher-plant mosquitos (

flowering time were closely correlated with regulatory changes in one gene, suggesting a pathway for genetic adaptation to changing climate in plants.[44][45]

Genetic monitoring is also useful in monitoring the ongoing health of small, relocated populations. Good examples of this are found for

New Zealand birds, many species of which were greatly impacted by habitat destruction and the appearance of numerous mammalian predators in the last century and have recently become part of relocation programs that transfer a few ‘founder’ individuals to predator-free offshore “ecological” islands. E.g. black robin,[46] and kākāpō.[47]

Category II genetic monitoring of population genetic diversity (PGD) of wild species, for purposes of biodiversity conservation and sustainable management, is unevenly distributed among countries in Europe.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are statistically associated in different ways with the number of documented monitoring projects, suggesting that available habitat for species and country financial resources influence monitoring effort. There is relatively little genetic monitoring for PGD conducted in southeastern Europe. Much attention has been directed towards monitoring of large carnivores, and relatively little effort towards monitoring species in other groups, such as amphibians. [48]

  • Barrel medic
    Barrel medic
  • Common wheat
    Common wheat
  • Pitcher plant mosquito
    Pitcher plant mosquito
  • Kākāpō – New Zealand night parrot
    Kākāpō – New Zealand night parrot

Status of genetic monitoring in science

In February 2007 an international summit was held at the Institute of the Environment at

pathogens
.

In 2007 a

NESCent[51] to further develop the techniques involved and provide general monitoring guidance for policy makers and managers.[52]

Currently the topic is covered in several well known text books, including McComb et al. (2010) and Allendorf et al. (2013).

Genetic monitoring in natural resource agencies

Many

U.S. Forest Service,[53] National Park Service, and National Marine Fisheries Service have been developing new methods and tools to use genetic monitoring, and applying such tools across broad geographic scales.[2][36]
Currently the USFWS hosts a website that informs managers as to the best way to use genetic tools for monitoring (see below).

See also

References

  1. ^ Website of the Convention on Biological Diversity
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  40. S2CID 12815666. Archived from the original
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  49. ^ "A Report on the Results and Recommendations of the International Summit on Evolutionary Change in Human-altered Environments" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-11. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  50. ^ National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
  51. ^ The National Evolutionary Synthesis Center
  52. ^ "Genetic Monitoring: Development of Tools for Conservation and Management". Archived from the original on 2009-06-15. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
  53. ^ Rocky Mountain Research Station Wildlife Genetics Laboratory

External links

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