Cod
Cod (pl.: cod) is the common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus, belonging to the family Gadidae.[1] Cod is also used as part of the common name for a number of other fish species, and one species that belongs to genus Gadus is commonly not called cod (Alaska pollock, Gadus chalcogrammus).
The two most common species of cod are the
Cod as food is popular in several countries. It has a mild flavour and a dense, flaky, white flesh. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, a common source of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). Young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod. In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips, along with haddock and plaice.
Species
At various times in the past, taxonomists included many species in the genus Gadus. Most of these are now either classified in other genera, or have been recognized as forms of one of three species. All these species have a number of common names, most of them ending with the word "cod", whereas other species, as closely related, have other common names (such as pollock and haddock). However, many other, unrelated species also have common names ending with cod. The usage often changes with different localities and at different times.
Cod in the genus Gadus
Three species in the genus Gadus are currently called cod:
This article is part of a series on |
Commercial fish |
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Large pelagic |
Forage |
Demersal |
Mixed |
Common name | Scientific name | Maximum length |
Common length |
Maximum weight |
Maximum age |
Trophic level |
Fish Base |
FAO
|
ITIS
|
IUCN status
|
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Atlantic cod | Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758 | 200 cm | 100 cm | 96.0 kg | 25 years | 4.4 | [2] | [3] | [4] | Vulnerable[5] |
Pacific cod | Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius, 1810 | 119 cm | cm | 22.7 kg | 18 years | 4.0 | [6] | [7] | [8] | Not assessed |
Greenland cod | Gadus ogac Richardson, 1836 | 77.0 cm | cm | kg | 12 years | 3.6 | [9] | [10] | [11] | Not assessed |
The fourth species of genus Gadus,
Related species
Cod forms part of the
Common name | Scientific name | Maximum length |
Common length |
Maximum weight |
Maximum age |
Trophic level |
Fish Base |
FAO
|
ITIS
|
IUCN status
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arctic cod
|
Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1872) | 32.5 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.8 | [15] | [16] | Not assessed | |
East Siberian cod | Arctogadus borisovi Dryagin, 1932 | 55.6 cm | cm | 1.5 kg | years | 3.9 | [17] | [18] | Not assessed | |
Eucla cod | Euclichthys polynemus McCulloch, 1926 | 35.0 cm | 22.5 cm | kg | years | 3.6 | [19] | [20] | Not assessed | |
Common ling | Molva molva (Linnaeus, 1758) | 200 cm | 106 cm | 45.0 kg | 25 years | 4.3 | [21] | [22] | [23] | Not assessed |
Pelagic cod | Melanonus gracilis Günther, 1878 | 18.7 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.5 | [24] | [25] | Not assessed | |
Polar cod
|
Boreogadus saida (Lepechin, 1774) | 40.0 cm | 25.0 cm | kg | 7 years | 3.1 | [26] | [27] | [28] | Not assessed |
Poor cod | Trisopterus minutus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 40.0 cm | 20.0 cm | kg | 5 years | 3.8 | [29] | [30] | Not assessed | |
Rock cod | Lotella rhacina (Forster, 1801) | 50.0 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.5 | [31] | [32] | Not assessed | |
Saffron cod | Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius, 1810) | 55.0 cm | cm | 1.3 kg | 15 years | 4.1 | [33] | [34] | [35] | Not assessed |
Small-headed cod | Lepidion microcephalus Cowper, 1956 | 48.0 cm | cm | kg | years | 3.5 | [36] | [37] | Not assessed | |
Tadpole cod
|
Guttigadus globosus (Paulin, 1986) | 18.1 cm | cm | kg | 3.5 years | [38] | [39] | Not assessed |
Some fish have common names derived from "cod", such as
Other species
Some fish commonly known as cod are unrelated to Gadus. Part of this name confusion is market-driven. Severely shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements using culinary names of the form "x cod", according to culinary rather than phyletic similarity. The common names for the following species have become well established; note that all inhabit the Southern Hemisphere.
Perciformes
Fish of the order Perciformes that are commonly called "cod" include:
- Blue cod Parapercis colias
- Eastern freshwater cod Maccullochella ikei
- Mary River cod Maccullochella peelii mariensis
- Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii
- Potato codEpinephelus tukula
- Sleepy cod Oxyeleotris lineolatus
- Trout cod Maccullochella macquariensis
- The notothen family, Nototheniidae, including:
- Antarctic codDissostichus mawsoni
- Black cod Notothenia microlepidota
- Maori codParanotothenia magellanica
Rock cod, reef cod, and coral cod
Almost all
Scorpaeniformes
From the order Scorpaeniformes:
- Ling codOphiodon elongatus
- Red rock codScorpaena papillosa
- Rock cod Sebastes
Ophidiiformes
The tadpole cod family,
Marketed as cod
Some fish that do not have "cod" in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong to the same family, the Gadidae, as cod.
- Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus
- WhitingMerlangius merlangus
- Patagonian toothfish or Chilean seabass
Characteristics
Cods of the genus Gadus have three rounded
The Atlantic cod can change colour at certain water depths. It has two distinct colour phases: gray-green and reddish brown. Its average weight is 5–12 kilograms (11–26 pounds), but specimens weighing up to 100 kg (220 lb) have been recorded. Pacific cod are smaller than Atlantic cod[2][6] and are darker in colour.
Distribution
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) live in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the North Atlantic. Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) is found in both eastern and western regions of the Pacific.[41]
Atlantic cod could be further divided into several
Atlantic cod occupy varied habitats, favouring rough ground, especially inshore, and are
Life cycle
Spawning of northeastern Atlantic cod occurs between January and April (March and April are the peak months), at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft) in specific spawning grounds at water temperatures between 4 and 6 °C (39 and 43 °F). Around the UK, the major spawning grounds are in the middle to southern North Sea, the start of the Bristol Channel (north of Newquay), the Irish Channel (both east and west of the Isle of Man), around Stornoway, and east of Helmsdale.
Prespawning courtship involves fin displays and male grunting, which leads to pairing.
Ecology
Adult cod are active hunters, feeding on
In the Baltic Sea the most important prey species are
Cod and related species are plagued by parasites. For example, the
Fisheries
This section needs to be updated.(October 2022) |
The 2006 northwest Atlantic cod
Aquaculture
Farming of Atlantic cod has received a significant amount of interest due to the overall trend of increasing cod prices alongside reduced wild catches.[54] However, progress in creating large scale farming of cod has been slow, mainly due to bottlenecks in the larval production stage, where survival and growth are often unpredictable.[55] It has been suggested that this bottleneck may be overcome by ensuring cod larvae are fed diets with similar nutritional content as the copepods they feed on in the wild [56][57] Recent examples have shown that increasing dietary levels of minerals such as selenium, iodine and zinc may improve survival and/or biomarkers for health in aquaculture reared cod larvae.[58][59][60][61]
As food
Cod is popular as a food with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky white flesh. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, an important source of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA).
Young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod. In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips, along with haddock and plaice. Cod's soft liver can be tinned (canned) and eaten.
History
Cod has been an important economic commodity in
Apart from the long history, cod differ from most fish because the fishing grounds are far from population centres. The large cod fisheries along the coast of
In the 17th and 18th centuries in the New World, especially in Massachusetts and Newfoundland, cod became a major commodity, creating trade networks and cross-cultural exchanges. In 1733, Britain tried to gain control over trade between New England and the British Caribbean by imposing the Molasses Act, which they believed would eliminate the trade by making it unprofitable. The cod trade grew instead, because the "French were eager to work with the New Englanders in a lucrative contraband arrangement".[63] In addition to increasing trade, the New England settlers organized into a "codfish aristocracy". The colonists rose up against Britain's "tariff on an import".
In the 20th century, Iceland re-emerged as a fishing power and entered the Cod Wars. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, fishing off the European and American coasts severely depleted stocks and become a major political issue. The necessity of restricting catches to allow stocks to recover upset the fishing industry and politicians who are reluctant to hurt employment.
Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
On July 2, 1992, the Honourable
The near-complete destruction of the Atlantic northwest cod biomass off the shores devastated coastal communities, which had been overexploiting the same cod population for decades.[70] The fishermen along the Atlantic northwest had employed modern fishing technologies, including the ecologically-devastating practice of trawling, especially in the years leading up to the 1990s, in the misguided belief that fishing stocks are perpetually plentiful and unable to be depleted.[70][71][68] After this assumption was empirically and abruptly shown to be incorrect, to the dismay of government officials and rural workers, some 19,000 fishermen and cod processing plant workers in Newfoundland lost their employment.[70] The powerful economic engine of rural Newfoundland coughed, wheezed, and died. Nearly 40,000 workers and harvesters in the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador applied for the federal relief program TAGS (the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy). Abandoned and rusting fishing boats still litter the coasts of Newfoundland and the Canadian northwest to this day.[68]
The fishery minister, John Crosbie, after delivering a speech on the day before the declaration of the moratorium, or July 1, 1992, was publicly heckled and verbally harassed by disgruntled locals at a fishing village.[72] The moratorium, initially lasting for only two years,[70] was indefinitely extended after it became evident that cod populations had not recovered at all but, instead, had continued to spiral downward in both size and numbers, due to the damage caused by decades of horrible fishing practices, and the fact that the moratorium had permitted exceptions for food fisheries for "personal consumption" purposes to this very day.[70] Some 12,000 tons of Northwest cod are still being caught every year along the Newfoundland coast by local fishermen.[68]
The collapse of the four-million ton biomass, which had persevered through several previous marine extinctions over tens of millions of years, in a timespan of no more than 20 years, is oft-cited by researchers as one of the most visible examples of the phenomenon of the "Tragedy of the Commons."[70] Factors which had been implicated as contributing to the collapse include: overfishing; government mismanagement; the disregard of scientific uncertainty;[70] warming habitat waters; declining reproduction; and plain human ignorance.[68] The Northern Cod biomass has been recovering slowly since the imposition of the moratorium. However, as of 2021, the growth of the cod population has been stagnant since 2017, and some scientists argue that the population will not rebound unless the Fisheries Department of Canada lower its yearly quota to 5,000 tons.[73]
Historical images |
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See also
- The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy, for the Canadian industry
References
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- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Gadus morhua" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Gadus morhua Archived 7 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Gadus morhua". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Gadus macrocephalus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Gadus macrocephalus (Tilesius, 1810) Archived 7 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Gadus macrocephalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Gadus ogac" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Gadus ogac". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute: Whitefish Buyers Guide. (Memento of the original as of 26 September 2006 in the Internet Archive).
- ^ a b SeafoodSource.com (23 January 2014): Alaska pollock Archived 25 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Doré, Ian (1991): The New Fresh Seafood Buyer’s Guide: A manual for distributors, restaurants, and retailers Archived 7 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 126.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Arctogadus glacialis" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ "Arctogadus glacialis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Arctogadus borisovi" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ "Arctogadus borisovi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Euclichthys polynemus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ "Euclichthys polynemus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Molva molva" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Molva molva Archived 20 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Molva molva". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Melanonus gracilis" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ "Melanonus gracilis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Boreogadus saida" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Boreogadus saida (Lepechin, 1774) Archived 1 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Boreogadus saida". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Trisopterus minutus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ "Trisopterus minutus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Lotella rhacina" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ "Lotella rhacina". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Eleginus gracilis" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ Eleginus gracilis (Tilesius, 1810) Archived 12 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ "Eleginus gracilis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Lepidion microcephalus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ "Lepidion microcephalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "Guttigadus globosus" in FishBase. April 2012 version.
- ^ "Guttigadus globosus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
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Further reading
External videos | |
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Presentation by Mark Kurlansky on Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World, August 15, 1998, C-SPAN |
- Bavington, Dean L.Y. Managed Annihilation: An Unnatural History of the Newfoundland Cod Collapse (University of British Columbia Press; 2010) 224 pages. Links the collapse of Newfoundland and Labrador cod fishing to state management of the resource.
- Cobb, John N (1916). Pacific Cod Fisheries. Bureau of Fisheries Document. Vol. 830. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. OCLC 14263968.
- Greenberg, Paul (2010). Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food. New York: Penguin Press. OCLC 813929026.
- Mark Kurlansky (1997). Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World.
- Shields, Edward (2001). Salt of the sea: the Pacific Coast cod fishery and the last days of sail. Lopez Island, Wash.: Heritage House. ISBN 978-1-894384-35-3.
External links
- Codtrace Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- fishbase.org – Scientific Names for Gadus
- Fisheries Heritage website, Newfoundland and Labrador
- Long term trends in Norwegian cod fisheries – the pioneers
- Species factsheet on cod from the UK Sea Fish Industry Authority (PDF, 2MB)
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905. .