Spotted owl
Spotted owl | |
---|---|
Northern subspecies | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Strigiformes |
Family: | Strigidae |
Genus: | Strix |
Species: | S. occidentalis
|
Binomial name | |
Strix occidentalis (
Xántus, J , 1860) | |
Subspecies | |
3, see text | |
The spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) is a species of
Description
The spotted owl has an average length of 43 cm (17 in), wingspan of 114 cm (45 in), and weight of 600 g (1.3 lb). Its eggs are a little over 50 mm (2.0 in) long, and are white and smooth with a slightly grainy texture. The spotted owl is similar in appearance to the
Subspecies
- S. o. caurina – Northern spotted owl
- S. o. lucida – Mexican spotted owl
- S. o. occidentalis – California spotted owl
The Gila Wilderness is home to the largest population of the Mexican subspecies.[5]
Distribution
The northern spotted owl has a nearly
Habitat
Spotted owls occur in a variety of hardwood and coniferous forest habitats, although the species prefers closed-canopy, uneven-aged, late-successional, and old-growth forests. The Mexican subspecies may also make use of chaparral and pinyon woodlands, including areas in deep, steep-walled canyons with little canopy cover.[4][7][9] The California subspecies uses unlogged, complex early seral forests created by wildfire for foraging,[10][11] and more high-severity fire in a territory increases reproduction.[12][13]
Large trees seem to constitute preferred nesting and roosting habitat for all three subspecies,[4] and canopy cover greater than 40% (often greater than 70%) is generally sought out.[3][14] Substantial tall shrub cover is a common characteristic of spotted owl habitat.[15] Spotted owls can be found at elevations of 70–6,600 feet (21–2,012 m) for the northern subspecies, at 1,000–8,500 feet (300–2,590 m) for the California subspecies, and rather higher (6,000–8,500 feet (1,800–2,600 m)) for the Mexican spotted owl. All subspecies appear to value the proximity of water sources.[4]
Ecology
Home range and density
Spotted owl home ranges are generally large but of variable size, with extents of 661–14,169 acres (2.67–57.34 km2), depending on subspecies, habitat, and prey availability. Home ranges are smaller in the breeding season than in the nonbreeding season, and females have larger home ranges than males.[4]
Density of spotted owl pairs within suitable habitat also depends on specific habitat quality and location, varying between 0.022 owls/km2 in pinyon-juniper woodlands of the Sacramento Mountains[8] and 1.049 owls/km2.[16]
Nesting
Spotted owls do not build their own nests, instead making use of cavities found in trees, deadwood, and snags, and the sites of abandoned raptor or squirrel nests. Some nest sites are used repeatedly.[4] High-quality (consistently occupied and reproductive) breeding sites remain occupied after wildfire and post-fire salvage logging, while lower quality sites that are inconsistently occupied and reproductive are more likely to be abandoned after fire and salvage logging.[17] Spotted owls most often choose the same type of cover selected for nesting sites for daytime roosting.[18]
Breeding
The spotted owl's breeding season occurs from early spring to late summer or fall, with prelaying behaviors such as preening and roosting together starting in February or March.[4]
Spotted owl pairs are monogamous and rarely re-nest after failed breeding attempts.[6] The species does not normally breed every year, with average breeding probability being 62%. Young owls may start breeding at an age of one year but two years or older is more common.[18] Normal clutch size is two eggs but may reach four on rare occasions. The female sits on the eggs and cares for the young, while the male provides food for them. Egg incubation times of about a month have been reported from western Oregon;[18] time from fledging to independence of chicks is between three and four months.[4] Once independent, juveniles disperse in late summer to fall, in the northern range often settling into a wintering range before seeking out breeding territories in the spring. Dispersal range is often less than 19 mi (31 km).[19]
Lifespan and mortality
Spotted owls are long-lived and maximum ages of 16 or 17 years have been documented in the northern subspecies. The average annual survival rate is usually in excess of 80% for adults, although it is considerably lower for juveniles, which have an average annual survival rate of 21–29%.[4] In New Mexico, the survival rate for fledgling Mexican spotted owls can be as low as 11%.[4] The most common causes of mortality are predation, starvation, and possibly disease.[4]
Various birds and mammals such as the fisher (Pekania pennanti) are among the predators of eggs and young spotted owls, American goshawks (Accipiter atricapillus), crows may prey on juvenile spotted owls, while great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are likely predators of both juveniles and adults. Great horned and barred owls compete with spotted owls for food and space in some areas. Barred owls have a negative effect on northern spotted owl survival and fecundity.[4]
Diet
Spotted owls are
Conservation
The
The northern spotted owl and Mexican spotted owl subspecies are listed as threatened in the United States under the
Each subspecies of the spotted owl is a frequent subject of disagreement between
By 2006, the northern spotted owl was reported to be in rapid decline in the northernmost part of its range, with a 7.2% annual decline across northern Washington and southwestern British Columbia. Fewer than 30 breeding pairs were thought to exist in Canada in 2006, and some experts have predicted the imminent extirpation of the species from Canada.[27]
An experiment sanctioned by the USFWS investigated the suitability of protecting the spotted owl by controlling its competitor, the barred owl. Work began in 2009 by removing populations of barred owls in designated areas. The studies found that in the absence of barred owls, the population of spotted owls did not decline, and were able to bounce back.[28]
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Strix occidentalis. United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b c Gutiérrez, R. J.; A. B. Franklin & W. S. Lahaye (1995). "Spotted Owl". bna.birds.cornell.edu. Birds of North America Online. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Strix occidentalis". US Forest Service. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ^ Mexican Spotted Owl Recovery Program at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^ a b Gutierrez, R. J.; Franklin, A. B.; LaHaye, W. S. (1995). "Spotted owl (Strix occidentalis)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). Birds of North America No. 179. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The American Ornithologists' Union. pp. 1–28 – via The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
- ^ ISBN 1-55963-458-8.
- ^ a b Ward Jr., James P.; Franklin, Alan B.; Rinkevich, Sarah E.; Clemente, Fernando (1995). Mexican spotted owl recovery plan, volume 2—Technical supporting information (Report). Albuquerque, New Mexico: U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service.
- ^ Gutierrez, R. J.; Verner, Jared; McKelvey, Kevin S.; Noon, Barry R.; Steger, George N.; Call, Douglas R.; LaHaye, William S.; Bingham, Bruce B.; Senser, John S. (1992). Verner, Jared; McKelvey, Kevin S.; Noon, Barry R.; Gutierrez, R. J.; Gould Jr., Gordon I.; Beck, Thomas W. (eds.). The California spotted owl: a technical assessment of its current status (PDF). Albany, California: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service: Pacific Southwest Research Station. pp. 79–98. PSW-GTR-133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-06.
- S2CID 67831139.
- .
- ^ .
- ^ .
- S2CID 84122754.
- JSTOR 3802006.
- ^ Diller, Lowell V.; Thome, Darrin M. (1999). "Population density of northern spotted owls in managed young-growth forests in coastal northern California" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 33 (4): 275–286.
- S2CID 85676545.
- ^ JSTOR 3830695.
- JSTOR 3830803.
- ^ a b "Spotted Owl". The Peregrine Fund. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
- ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- hdl:10919/97903.
- ^ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Species Assessment Team; Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office (23 February 2023). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; California Spotted Owl; Endangered Status for the Coastal-Southern California Distinct Population Segment and Threatened Status With Section 4(d) Rule for the Sierra Nevada Distinct Population Segment". Federal Register. 88 (36): 11600–11639. 88 FR 11600
- ^ Wilcove, David; Bean, Michael (7 April 1992). "Avoid This Trap, Mr. President: Endangered species: The 'God committee' will rule on saving owls vs. cutting timber". Los Angeles Times.
- .
- ^ Rotstein, Arthur H. (8 February 2008). "Habitat for Mexican Spotted Owl to Stand". USA Today. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
- S2CID 128839939.
- ^ Arnold, Catherine (29 Feb 2016). "Invasive Species: California Biologists Are Killing Invasive Barred Owls To Help Spotted Owls". Retrieved 29 Feb 2016 – via Nature World News.
External links
- Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the spotted owl
- CBS News: Blasting Some Owls To Save Others? Government Proposes Selectively Killing Cousins Of Threatened Spotted Owls To Protect The Species
- B.C.'s spotted owl near extinction: Science advisory team recommends capturing and breeding remaining owls in British Columbia
- Spotted Owl videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Spotted Owl photo gallery on VIREO
- Spotted owl Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology