Geniposide
Names | |
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IUPAC name
Methyl (1S,4aS,7aS)-1-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate
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Systematic IUPAC name
Methyl (1S,4aS,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-{[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate | |
Other names
Jasminoidin;[1] methyl 1-(hexopyranosyloxy)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.208.687 |
EC Number |
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KEGG | |
MeSH | geniposide |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
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Properties | |
C17H24O10 | |
Molar mass | 388.369 g·mol−1 |
Melting point | 245.23 °C (473.41 °F; 518.38 K) |
Boiling point | 641.4±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
log P | -1.854 |
Acidity (pKa) | 12.80±0.70 |
Hazards | |
GHS labelling: | |
Danger | |
H301 | |
P264, P270, P301+P310, P321, P330, P405, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Geniposide, the
Physiological activity
Neuroprotective
A growing body of evidence shows that the neuroprotective benefit of geniposide probably arises from its agonist action on the
These effects could be promising in the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.Antidepressant-Like
Studies on depressive rats (induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress) have shown that the antidepressant effect of geniposide is similar to
Geniposide was able to reverse the high levels of cortisol and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression, which lead to an increase of 5-HT in the hippocampus and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in striatum.[7]Antioxidant
Geniposide shows a reasonable capacity of induction of endogenous antioxidative proteins, which offer protection against cell injury by oxidative stress. A study with hippocampal neurons revealed that geniposide could enhance cytoprotection, though the activation of the enzyme
Anti-inflammatory
Several studies have shown geniposide's potential to treat inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, due to its effect in the production on cytokine and pro-inflammatory mediators. In rats with arthritis, oral administration of geniposide (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg) shows a decrease in T helper 17 cell cytokines such as
Another study revealed that geniposide's effect was probably enhanced by immunoregulation in immunologic tissues, such as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). When regulating, the mesenteric lymph node triggers the amelioration of the JNK-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38MAPKs) signaling cascades. The same pathway was observed in peripheral blood lymphocytes.[12]Antidiabetic activity
Geniposide has been reported as having a hypoglycemic effect, which could be mediated by hepatic glucose-metabolizing enzymes, such as hepatic
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Studies show that oral (50 mg/kg), intravenous (50 mg/kg) and intramuscular (8 mg/kg) administration of Geniposide follow a one-compartment model and nasal administration (8 mg/kg) a two-compartment model. The absolute bioavailability is higher in intramuscular administration (F = 72,69%) followed by nasal administration (F = 49,54%).[15]
Distribution
In rats, after an oral administration of geniposide (200 mg/kg) the highest tissue concentration was observed in the kidney (1.12 ± 0.37 μg/ml) with a tmax of 2h. The tissue distribution, measured in terms of AUC0→4h values, follows kidney > spleen> liver > heart > lung> brain.[16]
Metabolism
Using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography 17 metabolites were identified in plasma and 31 in urine. In vivo, geniposide can follow two distinct metabolic pathways. The main metabolic pathway involves the hydrolysis of the
Excretion
In humans, the majority of excretion of Geniposide is urinary.[3]
Toxicity
Hepatoxicity is a safety issue of geniposide. Several studies in rats have shown an increase in serum
Acute nephrotoxicity was observed after an oral administration of geniposide (dose of 1.2 g/kg) on
Long-term oral intake of Chinese herbal liquid containing geniposide may play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic mesenteric phlebosclerosis.[21]
References
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- ^ PMID 19122671.
- PMID 9502760.
- ^ Yang M, Chen XY, Zhang HY, et al. (January 2010). "Pharmacokinetics of geniposide through 4 routes of administration". Chinese Journal of New Drugs. 19 (9): 746–749+754.
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