Grand River Railway

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Not to be confused with the 2015 Grand River Railway (GRRY).
Grand River Railway
Overhead, originally 600 V DC, 1500 V DC after 1921
Length30 km (19 mi)[1]

The Grand River Railway (

radial in Ontario) in what is now the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, in Southwestern Ontario
, Canada.

History

Background

Preston and Berlin Railway

Main article: Preston and Berlin Railway

Starting in the 1850s,

Guelph
. Galt and Guelph in particular were developing into significant urban areas in the region.

In the following year of 1856, the

Blair. This initial attempt to connect the two cities was short-lived, however, as the bridge was damaged by ice flows in January 1858, and the railway was operational for less than three months. The surviving sections of the line were sold to the Grand Trunk Railway, which instead chose to extend the line south to Galt through the village of Blair in 1872, bypassing Preston entirely.[2]

Early street railways

See also:
Berlin and Waterloo Street Railway and Galt, Preston and Hespeler Street Railway
The Preston and Berlin Electric Railway, c. 1905.
The Galt, Preston and Hespeler Street Railway car barn.

The

radial railways were being developed throughout Canada and the United States, as cities like Toronto and New York accelerated the process of amalgamation of nearby villages and towns, and urban businesses sought out customers travelling to the city from the suburbs. These systems were typically electrified rather than steam-powered, and used tram-style rolling stock to move a relatively small number of passengers at frequent headways within a region, rather than more traditional passenger trains pulled by dedicated locomotives, which were largely relegated to long-haul trips. Growing towns and cities sought the ideal hybrid system of streetcars and railways: a light rail service which could easily shift from street rails to dedicated rail corridors and back again, allowing them to connect to important destinations in downtown areas while also being fast enough to connect cities to each other at the speed expected of contemporary passenger rail. These systems were often also known as interurbans
due to the appeal of easily connecting neighbouring cities together with a regional rail line, often municipally owned and operated.

The first such railway in the region was the Galt and Preston Street Railway (G&P), which began operations with half-hourly service in 1894.[3] With Preston boosters still concerned about the potential effect of the railway on their town's economy, the plan ensured that Preston would be the location of many operational aspects of the railway, including the power house, car barns, and machine shops. A year later, in 1895, it was extended to Hespeler and renamed the Galt, Preston and Hespeler Street Railway (GP&H),[4] connecting the three largest settlements of what 80 years later would become the amalgamated city of Cambridge. In the same year, the Berlin and Waterloo Street Railway began to take steps to modernize its service by converting its horse cars to run on electric power. This proved unsuitable and a consortium of local businessmen, impatient at the lack of progress, purchased the railway and outfitted it with new, purpose-built electric trams, which were manufactured in Peterborough.

Canadian Pacific Railway influence

The Canadian Pacific Railway had from the beginning taken an interest in the Galt and Preston Street Railway, then the Galt, Preston and Hespeler Street Railway, as an electric freight service would provide a convenient way to serve smaller freight customers profitably, due to the ability for electric locomotives to reverse without requiring a loop, as steam locomotives did. The G&P's charter, ostensibly mostly to provide Preston travellers with a connection to the Canadian Pacific via Galt, as well as to facilitate regional passenger transportation in general, provided Canadian Pacific an opportunity to "piggyback" and increase its freight operations. The Grand River area had long been dominated by the Grand Trunk Railway, and Canadian Pacific sought ways to compete with the Grand Trunk. With its close relationship with Canadian Pacific, the G&P provided free freight service to Canadian Pacific's depot in Galt, drawing business away from the Grand Trunk and provoking an all-out freight war. In the truce agreed upon by both companies, Berlin remained Grand Trunk territory, while both railways would continue to serve Galt.[5] Canadian Pacific, meanwhile, took control of the GP&H indirectly by buying up a controlling stake in the company through a proxy, its own General Superintendent J. W. Leonard, already laying the groundwork for the undermining of its agreement with the Grand Trunk.[6]

By the turn of the century, there was an explosion in plans for railway lines to serve Berlin, Preston, and Galt; the

Berlin, Waterloo, Wellesley, and Lake Huron Railway was being promoted at the same time, which was planned to serve a staggering number of destinations from Berlin northward to Lake Huron. However, with many of its promoters and supporters being connected to Canadian Pacific and the GP&H, and without the funds for such an ambitious project, scholars like Peter F. Cain have argued that the BWW&LH was never planned to be constructed, and was simply a vehicle to further Canadian Pacific's ambitions to enter into Kitchener, despite its agreement with the Grand Trunk a decade earlier.[8]
In 1908, the GP&H and Preston and Berlin Street Railway were merged under the BWW&LH name, thereby giving Canadian Pacific a means to enter the Kitchener freight market, while ostensibly following the letter of its agreement with the Grand Trunk. In 1914, it was renamed to the Grand River Railway.

As CP's consolidation of lines with freight potential had been ongoing, the City of Berlin made a successful bid to take over the

Berlin and Waterloo Street Railway and operate it as a public service, which was complete in 1906. This line, which operated primarily along King Street, largely served commercial areas, and was most suitable for passengers, but served a role similar to local bus services today, rather than a regional railway role similar to the Galt, Preston, and Hespeler Street Railway. In 1921, this separation of services increased as the Grand River Railway re-routed its trains to more fully follow the north–south freight line as a part of its switch from 600 V DC to 1500 V DC electrification in order to match the Lake Erie and Northern Railway, a move which prefigured their consolidation ten years later.[9] Throughout the rest of the 1920s, the Grand River Railway continued to shift to using shared freight track, a move which was hastened by municipal politicians working to force trains off of King Street in favour of car traffic.[10]

Canadian Pacific Electric Lines

See also: Lake Erie and Northern Railway § Canadian Pacific Electric Lines

In 1931, the Grand River Railway was consolidated with the Lake Erie and Northern Railway (LE&N), another Canadian Pacific Railway subsidiary, to form the Canadian Pacific Electric Lines (CPEL). Under unified CPEL management, the two services were advertised in tandem, and LE&N rolling stock received repairs at the Grand River Railway's Preston barn. During the same year, the Grand River Railway advertised hourly service on every day except Sunday between Galt, Hespeler, Preston, and Kitchener, from 5:50 a.m. to 11:45 p.m., and nine trains a day (except on Sundays) to Waterloo, reflecting Waterloo's lesser importance and smaller population at the time.[11] The Lake Erie and Northern, with its longer line and lower ridership, advertised primarily for summer excursion trips to Port Dover from the hot and crowded urban centres to the north, and during other parts of the year was largely sustained by its freight business.

Decline of passenger service

Bus services
Lineup of Canadian Pacific Transport Company coaches at the start of local service in the Preston area in 1925.

Bus services became increasingly common throughout the 1920s and 1930s as more roadways were paved, fuel prices decreased, and bus manufacturing began to scale up. Canadian Pacific followed these trends with the founding of its Canadian Pacific Transport Company, which was used to supplement and/or replace some train journeys.

Collisions with automobiles

Throughout the 1930s, collisions between interurban cars and private

Second World War
, when automobile ownership and traffic volumes climbed steadily. More reliable personal cars, as well as improved highway and automobile service infrastructure, made it easier to drive to unfamiliar cities whose street geometry (and railway operations) could prove dangerous.

Overall service cuts

Amidst these events, regular passenger service to Waterloo was discontinued, after having previously been cut back to Allen Street from Erb Street. In early March 1938, it was reported that cars had only carried an average of five passengers per trip, with revenues to the company of $4.52 and expenses of $21.86 per day. The end of service was supported by the Waterloo town council, which deemed railway whistles and horns a nuisance.[20] Interurban cars were replaced by bus service, necessitating a linear transfer for passengers at Queen Street.[21] Ironically, passenger ridership in the overall system had yet to hit its peak, which would be nearly 1.7 million riders in 1940.[22]

Despite the overall success of the combined CPEL railway system, post-Second World War social trends began to cause a drop in ridership as regional travellers became increasingly likely to own and drive cars. The beginning of residential subdivision development stimulated population growth outside of the historic downtowns of Berlin (by then renamed to Kitchener), Galt, and Preston, and they began to fall victim to urban decay. In the years following the 1919 Canada Highways Act, which provided stimulus funding for highway development, it became more practical and desirable to travel intercity by car, and development and urban planning began to adjust to car-centric transportation with road widening, highway development, creation of low-density residential housing subdivisions, and demolition of many urban buildings to provide parking, creating an induced demand feedback loop that favoured further car-centric development, while many railway systems were discontinued or statically maintained, without significant expansion of track, upgrades to rolling stock, or sometimes even basic maintenance; the Kitchener and Waterloo Street Railway, which had been put under the management of the Kitchener Public Utilities Commission, was rendered disabled even before its planned shutdown due to damage to the overhead electrical wires which was not repaired.

In 1946, the combined Canadian Pacific Electric Lines system had a continuous 75.61-mile (121.68 km) mainline, while carrying 1.5 million passengers and over half a million tons of freight.[23] This represented a decline in passenger traffic of almost 200,000 riders per year compared to the peak in 1940. Meanwhile, Canadian Pacific Transport Company bus service was extended through Kitchener, and train and bus service began to alternate hourly. This followed a general trend, as train service was replaced with bus service on many railways, creating a downward spiral as ridership declined and train journeys with low ridership were cut or replaced with bus service.[24]

It was around this time that Canadian Pacific began to plan for total abandonment of passenger services along the line, even as freight carloads and profitability increased. In its first bid to discontinue service in 1950, Canadian Pacific's application was denied by Canada's

Board of Transport Commissioners, but an allowance was made for Canadian Pacific to modify service as necessary to maintain profitability of passenger trips; as a direct result, Canadian Pacific discontinued nighttime passenger service altogether while simultaneously increasing fares, making railway journeys even less attractive to passengers.[25] Passenger rail advocates at the time warned that these service cuts would eventually lead to complete abandonment, and protested to bodies such as the Kitchener City Council.[26] Despite the cuts, passenger rail service continued until 23 April 1955, when it was replaced by bus service under the Canadian Pacific Transport Company. Bus service operations for Preston were sold to Canada Coach Lines Limited
later that year, but Galt-to-Kitchener operations continued under the Canadian Pacific umbrella until 1 October 1961, when freight service was dieselized and assumed by the parent CPR.

Shifting industrial base

By the 1960s, Kitchener's industrial base began to shift to the suburbs. Manufacturing in Canada had begun to suffer due to numerous economic factors, and 19th century-style downtown factories, which were often rail-served, were declining and being phased out in favour of decentralized systems of suburban factories which were served by both trucks and rail, or in some cases wholly relied on the

United Rubber Workers' picket line, so the coal train was driven by company officials, including William D. Thompson, the general manager of the railway, and escorted by the Kitchener Police. The picket line was broken and three strikers were charged with violation of the Railway Act.[27] Within several years, footwear production for the company had shifted to Quebec after the acquisition of several smaller companies, and in 2000, the company (by then rebranded to Kaufman Footwear) declared bankruptcy.[28]

Plan No. 1251

This shift to the suburbs spurred the most extensive modification ever made to the railway's

dieselization of its freight operations. The previous right-of-way along King Street had served early 20th century suburban residential areas like Kingsdale, and villages-turned-suburbs like Centreville; in contrast, the rail line's new location primarily served a new industrial park built on farm fields to the north of the former industrial village of German Mills, which had been served by the Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific's primary competitor. This industrial park would only later be joined by the residential and commercial area that grew up around Fairview Park Mall, which was built in 1965 as one of Kitchener's first suburban shopping malls. This shift allowed for the construction of Highway 8 as a separate-but-overlapping roadway (rather than simply a designation for King Street), obliterating much of the area's former rail infrastructure from Kitchener to Preston, and cementing the shift to an autocentric built environment. The seeds had been sown decades before, as municipal officials, who controlled the municipal right-of-way used for railway street running, began in the 1920s to deny the Grand River Railway's applications for renewal of their rail line's leases, forcing the railway into costly track relocations, which gradually forced the rail line further to the west of Kitchener's downtown, making it less convenient for passengers, and creating more room for the auto traffic which would prove to further interfere with railway operations.[10]

Passenger service

The Grand River Railway's passenger services were an evolution from earlier streetcar services. Mainline service was half-hourly since the start of the Galt and Preston Street Railway, and the Hespeler branch also received half-hourly evening service in 1920.[29]

Rolling stock

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand River Railway rolling stock.

In the rail transport industry, the term rolling stock refers to easily moveable assets owned by railways, usually rail cars, which could be either self-propelled or hauled by a dedicated locomotive.

In 1921, with the switch to 1500 V operation and integration of the Grand River Railway and Lake Erie and Northern Railway rolling stock, the Grand River Railway used

odd numbers.[30]

Locomotives

A number of locomotives which were used by the Grand River Railway:
Number Manufacturer Cab type Built Retired Fate Notes
GRR 222 Box 1904 Rebuilt in 1921 for 1500 V service.[31][30]
GRR 224
Baldwin-Westinghouse
 Steeple 1907 Rebuilt in 1921 for 1500 V service.[31]
GRR 226 Preston Car Company 1904 Steel freight motor configured for multiple-unit service.[30]
GRR 228 Preston Car Company Steeple 1921 1961 or later Scrapped Used along with LE&N 337 to haul the last ever passenger trip on Grand River Railway tracks on 30 September 1961, which used a number of CPR coaches as all interurban cars had already been disposed of.
Iowa Terminal Railroad in July 1963. It was assigned a number as Iowa Terminal Railroad 82, but was never used or repainted from its previous colour scheme, and was eventually scrapped in 1968.[33]
GRR 230 Baldwin-Westinghouse Steeple August 1930 August 1971 Preserved Originally Salt Lake and Utah Railroad 106. Acquired by the CPEL in July 1946 after the SL&U shut down. Put into service as GRR 230. Rebuilt from 63 to 82 tons in 1953. Sold to the Cornwall Street Railway in November 1962 and was renumbered CSR 17. Transferred to CN Rail in 1971. Retired in August 1971 and preserved in Cornwall, Ontario.[34][35] Put on public display in August 1981. Serial number BLW 61456

Passenger, combine, and express cars

See also: Preston Car Company
Car 842 was part of the 1921 Preston Car Company order of eight all-steel cars. It is seen here at Paris on the Lake Erie and Northern line.
Car 848 was part of the same order as 842. It is seen here in 1948 near Brantford Union Station on a postwar excursion trip.

Most of the Grand River Railway's passenger

railway enthusiasts which occurred after the end of regular revenue service,[38] and was planned to be converted into a maintenance of way car or to be sold. With neither of these possibilities materializing, it was scrapped at Preston on 21 May 1957.[38]

Some of the recorded pieces of passenger rolling stock used by the Grand River Railway:
Number Type Manufacturer Built Retired Fate Notes
GRR 21 Passenger Ottawa Car Company 1907 before 1929 Scrapped 64-seat wooden car which was originally Preston and Berlin Street Railway 21. It was inherited by the Grand River Railway. The motor from the car was sold prior to 1929 and it was scrapped at Preston in 1935.[30]
GRR 31 Passenger Ottawa Car Company 1907 before 1929 Scrapped 64-seat wooden car which was inherited from the GP&H/P&B. The motor from the car was sold prior to 1929 and it was scrapped at Preston in 1935.[30]
GRR 622
baggage
 Preston Car Company 1921 Steel
baggage car designed for multiple-unit operation with passenger cars. Part of the 1921 order.[31]
GRR 624 Combine Preston Car Company N/A 34-seat steel combine car. The rebuilt and renumbered GRR 866.[31]
GRR 626 Combine National Steel Car 1947 Scrapped The last interurban car built in Canada.[37] Scrapped on 21 May 1957.[38]
GRR 824 Passenger Ottawa Car Company 1910 An inherited GP&H/P&B street railway wooden car which was rebuilt for 1500 V and electric multiple unit operation.[31] Rebuilt in 1923.[30] It disappears from the roster within ten years after this.[39]
GRR 826 Passenger Preston Car Company 1911 or 1912[30] Originally Preston and Berlin Street Railway 205. A 64-seat wooden passenger car.[30] Originally built for 600 V operation, then rebuilt for 1500 V and electric multiple unit operation.[31][40]
GRR 828 Passenger Preston Car Company 1911 or 1912[30] Originally Preston and Berlin Street Railway 215. A 64-seat wooden passenger car.[30] Rebuilt for 1500 V and electric multiple unit operation.[31]
GRR 842 Passenger Preston Car Company 1921 64-seat steel passenger car.[30] Part of the 1921 order.[31]
GRR 844 Passenger Preston Car Company 1921 64-seat steel passenger car.[30] Part of the 1921 order.[31]
GRR 846 Passenger Preston Car Company 1921 68-seat steel passenger car.[30] Part of the 1921 order.[31]
GRR 848 Passenger Preston Car Company 1921 1955 Scrapped 68-seat steel passenger car.[30] Part of the 1921 order.[31][41]
GRR 862 Passenger Preston Car Company 1921 1955–56 Scrapped 68-seat steel passenger car.[30] Part of the 1921 order. Overhauled at the CPR Angus Shops in Montreal in 1947. Scrapped at Preston in 1956.[42]
GRR 864 Passenger Preston Car Company 1921 Scrapped 68-seat steel passenger car.[30]
GRR 866 Passenger Preston Car Company 1921 mid 1930s Rebuilt 68-seat steel passenger car.[30] Part of the 1921 order. Severely damaged by fire at one end in August 1933. Rebuilt as a baggage/express/passenger combine car in 1937 and renumbered as GRR 624.[31]

Infrastructure

Trackage

For general information, see
Track (rail transport) and Rail profile
.

Throughout its existence, the Grand River Railway's infrastructure changed to reflect the priorities and prosperity of its owners. Its complex track network included the constituent railways it had been formed from, as well as related, but separate, railways such as the Kitchener and Waterloo Street Railway. As the system aged, its physical infrastructure came to reflect an increasing emphasis on freight, as well as the capacity to carry heavier trains. Lighter rails which were more suitable for single passenger cars than freight trains were gradually replaced. For example, the very light 56-lb. rails on the Hespeler branch line were replaced with 65-lb. rails in the early 1910s,[43] and most of the mainline between Preston and Kitchener was relaid with 85-lb. rails in 1918.[44] In comparison, Canadian Pacific began in 1921 to generally replace the 85-lb. rails on the lines it directly maintained with 100-lb. rails, and some American railways started using rails as heavy as 130 lbs. Maintenance cost savings, safety, and the ability to use heavier locomotives were cited as major reasons for the mainline railways to use heavier rails.[45]

Despite its success during its heyday of the 1910s–20s, the Grand River Railway primarily represented a consolidation and modernization of existing railway infrastructure and trackage, and little expansion occurred. The most significant proposed expansion of trackage was a northwestern extension of the mainline from Waterloo. Had it been built, the extended line would have curved to the west through

Crosshill, and finally north again to Linwood to terminate at a junction with the CPR-owned Guelph and Goderich Railway, giving the Grand River Railway a second interchange point with the east–west Canadian Pacific lines in addition to the one with the mainline through Galt.[46][47] The extended line would have run entirely to the west of the then-Grand Trunk-operated Waterloo Junction Railway to Elmira through St. Jacobs
, and would have passed through a number of villages which did not have rail service.

Stations

Emerging as it did from late-19th century

street running
sections of track were gradually relocated, the emphasis on stations increased.

Preston Junction
as seen around 1908.

One of the most significant stations was

steam boilers that powered its electrification system, as well as its car barns, while also functioning as a passenger transfer point between it and the Galt, Preston and Hespeler Street Railway. The passenger station was constructed in 1905.[48] Under the consolidated Grand River Railway, Preston Junction continued to be an important station until the end of service.[7]

With interurban trains banished from King Street in Kitchener after 1919, a basic wooden station was built in 1921 near the railway crossing at Queen Street,

terminal station.[51]

Legacy

A fragment of remaining rails on the former 1905 freight bypass right of way, which has been converted to rail trail.

Much of the Grand River Railway's track continued to function as freight track for decades after passenger service was discontinued, but significant sections were removed in the 1980s, including the Hespeler branch, of which some portions are now the Mill Run Trail. Urban sections in Kitchener-Waterloo were largely also dismantled in the 1980s and replaced by the Iron Horse Trail in 1997, which features a number of plaques commemorating Kitchener's railway and industrial heritage. Perhaps most decisively, the junction that joined the GRNR and LE&N at Main Street in downtown Galt was also removed along with the LE&N track leading south to Paris, severing the original branch line laid down by the Great Western Railway in 1855, and ending rail traffic between the north and south halves of the Grand River valley.

A remnant of the Grand River Railway mainline, designated as the

industrial spur to reach a Toyota automobile factory. The line then continues along its historic path, crossing the Grand River. It eventually deviates from the historic route at Centreville, curving to the west and following the 1963 rerouting through the Parkway industrial area. After curving to the north again, it terminates, joining with the CN Huron Park Spur at an interchange yard which is overlooked by the Block Line
Ion light rail station.

The Grand River is also referenced in the name of

Cambridge Transit
. It provides regional transit connections between many areas once served by the Grand River Railway.

Starting in the 1990s, planners and local government officials began to revisit the idea of a rapid transit system in the region. This culminated in the Ion rapid transit light rail system which opened to the public on 21 June 2019.[52] Ironically, this system (ION Stage 1) does not include either Galt or Preston, the original hubs for regional rail, and is instead centred on Kitchener-Waterloo. It does, however, use a similar right of way in some areas as the Grand River Railway, such as along Caroline Street in Waterloo. Ion Stage 2, which as of 2019 is still in the public consultation phase, would once again provide a passenger rail connection between Galt, Preston, and Berlin (Kitchener).[53][54]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Grand River Valley". Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  2. ^ "Preston and Berlin Railway: A Short-Lived Line". Archived from the original on 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  3. ^ Cain 1972, p. 9.
  4. ^ Bean, Bill (24 October 2014). "LRT began in Galt and Preston in 1894". Waterloo Region Record. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  5. ^ Cain 1972, p. 14.
  6. ^ Cain 1972, p. 15.
  7. ^ a b Miller, William E. (19 July 2004). "PRESTON & BERLIN STREET RAILWAY COMPANY LIMITED PRESTON & BERLIN RAILWAY COMPANY LIMITED". Electric Lines in Southern Ontario. Trainweb. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  8. ^ Cain 1972, p. 26.
  9. ^ "CAMBRIDGE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON WATERLOO REGION'S LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT". Waterloo Region. 19 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  10. ^ a b Cain 1972, p. 40.
  11. ^ "Canadian Interurban Electric Railroads - 1930's - 1940's Grand River Railway Lake Erie & Northern Railway". 14 June 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  12. ^ "CAN'T CUT OUT HORN". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 81, no. 89. 5 November 1937. p. 3 – via Waterloo Public Library. The horn which recently replaced the whistle on Grand River Railway radial cars cannot be toned down or removed, the town is informed in a letter from the Company. Residents along the railway have complained of the new horn as a nuisance, disturbing their sleep.
  13. ^ "MOTOR CAR HIT BY RADIAL CAR". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 44, no. 3. 16 January 1930. p. 1 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  14. ^ "SUFFOCATION CAUSED DEATH OF HOUSTON". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 45, no. 34. 20 August 1931. p. 1 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  15. ^ "NEW DUNDEE MAN KILLED AT CROSSING". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 46, no. 27. 7 July 1932. p. 1 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  16. ^ "Action for Damages As Result of Death Reginald Simpson". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 82, no. 17. 1 March 1938. p. 8 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  17. ^ "Claim $86,155.23 Damages Against Grand River Ry". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 82, no. 27. 5 April 1938. p. 3 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  18. ^ "Four Persons Killed In Crossing Crash Near Kitchener". Ottawa Journal. 14 October 1946. p. 1.
  19. ^ "Railways Asked $50,000 Damages". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 90, no. 2. 10 January 1947. p. 8 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  20. ^ "Grand River Ry. Stops Passenger Service to Town". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 82, no. 20. 11 March 1938. p. 1 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  21. ^ Cain 1972, p. 28.
  22. ^ Cain 1972, p. 46.
  23. ^ "'Electrics' still popular mode". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 132nd Year, no. 24. 17 June 1987. p. 5 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  24. ^ Cain 1972, p. 51.
  25. ^ Cain 1972, p. 29.
  26. ^ "Asks Retention of Grand Railway". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 93, no. 34. 25 August 1950. p. 1 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  27. ^ "Superior Box Company Closed By Strike". The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 104. 4 August 1960. p. 1 – via Waterloo Public Library.
  28. ^ "Accession GA148 - Kaufman Footwear fonds". University of Waterloo. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  29. ^ "INCREASED SERVICE ON G.R.R." The Waterloo Chronicle. Vol. 65, no. 52. 23 December 1920. p. 11 – via Waterloo Public Library. The Grand River Railway is running a half hour service from 4.50 to 7.20 o'clock p.m. daily.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "ROSTER OF EQUIPMENT OF THE GRAND RIVER RAILWAY, LAKE ERIE & NORTHERN RAILWAY AND PREDECESSOR LINES". UCRS Bulletin. No. 16. Upper Canada Railway Society. April 1944. Retrieved 25 February 2021 – via CNR-in-Ontario.com.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Miller, William E. (13 October 2009). "Grand River Railway". Electric Lines in Southern Ontario. Trainweb. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  32. ^ Sandusky 2010.
  33. ^ Miller, William E. "LE&N 337 & GRR 228". Electric Lines in Southern Ontario. Trainweb. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  34. ^ "Preserved Ontario" (PDF). Bytown Railway Society. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  35. ^ Weir, Laurie (5 February 2021). "Railway Museum of Eastern Ontario receives locomotive donation from Cornwall". Toronto.com. Retrieved 25 February 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  36. ^ "Grand River Railway". Canada-Rail.com. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  37. ^ a b c Merrilees 1963.
  38. ^ a b c d e "A TRIBUTE TO THE LAST ELECTRIC INTERURBAN CAR BUILT IN CANADA: GRAND RIVER RAILWAY 626". Trainweb.org. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  39. ^ Mills 1977, p. 18.
  40. ^ Sandusky 2010, p. 141.
  41. ^ County of Brant Public Library Digital Collections. "Grand River Railway 848 Departs from Brantford". Retrieved 24 February 2021 – via OurOntario.ca.
  42. ^ Sandusky 2010, p. 144.
  43. ^ Mills 1977, p. 10.
  44. ^ a b Mills 1977, p. 15.
  45. ^ "Heavier Rails for Heavy Traffic". Railway Age. Vol. 85, no. 1. Simmons-Boardman Publishing. 7 July 1928. pp. 209–212.
  46. ^ "WILL DISCUSS MANY TOPICS: General Meeting of Board of Trade Has Big Program". The Waterloo Chronicle–Telegraph. Vol. 63, no. 34. 21 August 1919. p. 9.
  47. ^ "THE WELLESLEY EXTENSION". The Waterloo Chronicle–Telegraph. Vol. 63, no. 35. 28 August 1919. p. 2.
  48. ^ Breithaupt 1917, p. 20.
  49. ^ Flanagan, Ryan (22 June 2016). "Grand River Hospital's Freeport campus marks 100-year milestone". CTV News. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  50. ^ a b Mills 1977, p. 21.
  51. ^ Mills 1977, p. 20.
  52. ^ Weidner, Johanna (8 May 2019). "Ion launch date set for June 21". Waterloo Region Record. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  53. ^ Sharkey, Jackie (8 February 2017). "There's still wiggle room in the Region of Waterloo's LRT plans for Cambridge". CBC. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  54. ^ "Stage 2 ION". Region of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.

Bibliography

Further reading
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