Quebec
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Quebec
Québec (French) | |
---|---|
Motto(s): | |
Coordinates: 52°N 72°W / 52°N 72°W[1] | |
Country | Canada |
Before confederation | Canada East |
Confederation | July 1, 1867 (1st, with New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario) |
Capital | Quebec City |
Largest city | Montreal |
Largest metro | Greater Montreal |
Government | |
• Type | Parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Lieutenant Governor | Manon Jeannotte |
• Premier | François Legault |
Legislature | National Assembly of Quebec |
Federal representation | Parliament of Canada |
House seats | 78 of 338 (23.1%) |
Senate seats | 24 of 105 (22.9%) |
Area | |
• Total | 1,542,056 km2 (595,391 sq mi) |
• Land | 1,365,128 km2 (527,079 sq mi) |
• Water | 176,928 km2 (68,312 sq mi) 11.5% |
• Rank | 2nd |
15.4% of Canada | |
Population ( f)[4] | |
Official languages | French[5] |
GDP | |
• Rank | 2nd |
• Total (2022) | C$552.737 billion[6] |
• Per capita | C$63,651 (9th) |
HDI | |
• HDI (2019) | 0.916[7]—Very high (9th) |
Time zone | UTC−05:00 (Eastern Time Zone for most of the province[8]) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 |
Canadian postal abbr. | QC[9] |
Rankings include all provinces and territories |
Quebec
With an area of 1.5 million square kilometres (0.58 million square miles) and more than 12,000 km (7,500 mi) of borders,[13][14] in North America, Quebec is located in Central Canada. The province shares land borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, New Brunswick to the southeast and a coastal border with the territory of Nunavut. It is bathed up north by James Bay, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Ungava Bay, Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, and in the south, it shares a border with the United States.[c]
The majority of the population of Quebec lives in the St. Lawrence River valley,[15] between its most populous city, Montreal, Trois-Rivières and the provincial capital, Quebec.
Between 1534 and 1763, what is now Quebec was the French colony of Canada and was the most developed colony in New France. Following the Seven Years' War, Canada became a British colony, first as the Province of Quebec (1763–1791), then Lower Canada (1791–1841), and lastly part of the Province of Canada (1841–1867) as a result of the Lower Canada Rebellion. It was confederated with Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick in 1867. Until the early 1960s, the Catholic Church played a large role in the social and cultural institutions in Quebec. However, the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s to 1980s increased the role of the Government of Quebec in l'État québécois (the public authority of Quebec).
The
Quebec's official language is French; Québécois French is the regional variety. Quebec is the only Francophone-majority province. The economy of Quebec is mainly supported by its large service sector and varied industrial sector. For exports, it leans on the key industries of aeronautics, where it is the 6th largest worldwide seller,[16] hydroelectricity, mining, pharmaceuticals, aluminum, wood, and paper. Quebec is well known for producing maple syrup, for its comedy, and for making hockey one of the most popular sports in Canada. It is also renowned for its culture; the province produces literature, music, films, TV shows, festivals, and more.
Etymology
The name Québec comes from an
History
Indigenous peoples and European expeditions (pre-1608)
The
In the 15th century, the
After these expeditions, France mostly abandoned North America for 50 years because of its financial crisis; France was involved in the
New France (1608–1763)
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain
The
In 1663, the Company of New France ceded Canada to
New France's territory grew to extend from
The last of the four French and Indian Wars was the
While awaiting the results of the Seven Years' War in Europe, New France was put under a
British North America (1763–1867)
After the British acquired Canada in 1763, the British government established a constitution for the newly acquired territory, under the
As early as 1774, the Continental Congress of the separatist Thirteen Colonies attempted to rally the Canadiens to its cause. However, its military troops failed to defeat the British counteroffensive during its Invasion of Quebec in 1775. Most Canadiens remained neutral, though some regiments allied themselves with the Americans in the Saratoga campaign of 1777. When the British recognized the independence of the rebel colonies at the signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, it conceded Illinois and the Ohio Valley to the newly formed United States and denoted the 45th parallel as its border, drastically reducing Quebec's size.
Some
Gradually, the
In response to the rebellions,
As access to new lands remained problematic because they were still monopolized by the
Political unrest came to a head in 1849, when English Canadian rioters set fire to the Parliament Building in Montreal following the enactment of the Rebellion Losses Bill, a law that compensated French Canadians whose properties were destroyed during the rebellions of 1837–1838.[71] This bill, resulting from the Baldwin-La Fontaine coalition and Lord Elgin's advice, was important as it established the notion of responsible government.[72] In 1854, the seigneurial system was abolished, the Grand Trunk Railway was built and the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty was implemented. In 1866, the Civil Code of Lower Canada was adopted.[73][74][75]
Canadian province (1867–present)
In 1864, negotiations began for Canadian Confederation between the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia at the Charlottetown Conference and Quebec Conference.
After having fought as a Patriote,
Following the
From Confederation until World War I, the Catholic Church was at its peak. The objective of clerico-nationalists was promoting the values of traditional society: family, French, the Catholic Church and rural life. Events such as the
In 1898, the Canadian Parliament enacted the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898, which gave Quebec part of Rupert's Land, which Canada had bought from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870.[79] This act expanded the boundaries of Quebec northward. In 1909, the government passed a law obligating wood and pulp to be transformed in Quebec, which helped slow the Grande Hémorragie by allowing Quebec to export its finished products to the US instead of its labour force.[80] In 1910, Armand Lavergne passed the Lavergne Law, the first language legislation in Quebec. It required use of French alongside English on tickets, documents, bills and contracts issued by transportation and public utility companies. At this time, companies rarely recognized the majority language of Quebec.[81] Clerico-nationalists eventually started to fall out of favour in the federal elections of 1911. In 1912, the Canadian Parliament enacted the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912, which gave Quebec another part of Rupert's Land: the District of Ungava.[82] This extended the borders of Quebec northward to the Hudson Strait.
When World War I broke out, Canada was automatically involved and many English Canadians volunteered. However, because they did not feel the same connection to the British Empire and there was no direct threat to Canada, French Canadians saw no reason to fight. By late 1916, casualties were beginning to cause reinforcement problems. After enormous difficulty in the federal government, because almost every French-speaking MP opposed conscription while almost all English-speaking MPs supported it, the Military Service Act became law on August 29, 1917.[83] French Canadians protested in what is now called the Conscription Crisis of 1917, which led to the Quebec riot .[84]
In 1919, the
French Canadians remained opposed to conscription during the Second World War. When Canada declared war in September 1939, the federal government pledged not to conscript soldiers for overseas service. As the war went on, more and more English Canadians voiced support for conscription, despite firm opposition from French Canada. Following a 1942 poll that showed 73% of Quebec's residents were against conscription, while 80% or more were for conscription in every other province, the federal government passed Bill 80 for overseas service.
In the wake of the conscription crisis,
Modern Quebec (1960–present)
The Quiet Revolution was a period of modernization, secularization and social reform, where French Canadians expressed their concern and dissatisfaction with their inferior socioeconomic position, and the cultural assimilation of francophone minorities in the English-majority provinces. It resulted in the formation of the modern Québécois identity and Quebec nationalism.[90][91] In 1960, the Liberal Party of Quebec was brought to power with a two-seat majority, having campaigned with the slogan "It's time for things to change". This government made reforms in social policy, education, health and economic development. It created the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Labour Code, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education, Office québécois de la langue française, Régie des rentes and Société générale de financement. In 1962, the government of Quebec dismantled the financial syndicates of Saint Jacques Street. Quebec began to nationalize its electricity. In order to buy out all the private electric companies and build new Hydro-Québec dams, Quebec was lent $300 million by the US in 1962,[92] and $100 million by British Columbia in 1964.[93]
The Quiet Revolution was particularly characterized by the 1962 Liberal Party's slogan "Masters in our own house", which, to the Anglo-American conglomerates that dominated the economy and natural resources, announced a collective will for freedom of the French-Canadian people.[94] As a result of confrontations between the lower clergy and the laity, state institutions began to deliver services without the assistance of the church, and many parts of civil society began to be more secular. In 1965, the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism[95] wrote a preliminary report underlining Quebec's distinct character, and promoted open federalism, a political attitude guaranteeing Quebec a minimum amount of consideration.[96][97] To favour Quebec during its Quiet Revolution, Lester B. Pearson adopted a policy of open federalism.[98][99] In 1966, the Union Nationale was re-elected and continued on with major reforms.[100]
In 1967, President of France Charles de Gaulle visited Quebec, to attend Expo 67. There, he addressed a crowd of more than 100,000, making a speech ending with the exclamation: "Long live free Quebec". This declaration had a profound effect on Quebec by bolstering the burgeoning modern Quebec sovereignty movement and resulting in a political crisis between France and Canada. Following this, various civilian groups developed, sometimes confronting public authority, for example in the October Crisis of 1970.[101] The meetings of the Estates General of French Canada in 1967 marked a tipping point where relations between francophones of America, and especially francophones of Canada, ruptured. This breakdown affected Quebec society's evolution.[102]
In 1968, class conflicts and changes in mentalities intensified.[103] Option Quebec sparked a constitutional debate on the political future of the province by pitting federalist and sovereignist doctrines against each other. In 1969, the federal Official Languages Act was passed to introduce a linguistic context conducive to Quebec's development.[104][105] In 1973, the liberal government of Robert Bourassa initiated the James Bay Project on La Grande River. In 1974, it enacted the Official Language Act, which made French the official language of Quebec. In 1975, it established the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement.
Quebec's first modern sovereignist government, led by
Between 1982-92, the Quebec government's attitude changed to prioritize reforming the federation. Attempts at constitutional amendments by the Mulroney and Bourassa governments ended in failure with the Meech Lake Accord of 1987 and the Charlottetown Accord of 1992, resulting in the creation of the Bloc Québécois.[113][114] In 1995, Jacques Parizeau called a referendum on Quebec's independence from Canada. This consultation ended in failure for sovereignists, though the outcome was very close: 50.6% "no" and 49.4% "yes".[115][116][117]
In 1998, following the Supreme Court of Canada's decision on the Reference Re Secession of Quebec, the Parliaments of Canada and Quebec defined the legal frameworks within which their respective governments would act in another referendum. On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly voted unanimously to affirm "that the people of Québec form a nation".[118] On November 27, 2006, the House of Commons passed a symbolic motion declaring "that this House recognize that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada."[119] In 2007, the Parti Québécois was pushed back to official opposition in the National Assembly, with the Liberal party leading. During the 2011 Canadian federal elections, Quebec voters rejected the Bloc Québécois in favour of the previously minor New Democratic Party (NDP). As the NDP's logo is orange, this was called the "orange wave".[120] After three subsequent Liberal governments, the Parti Québécois regained power in 2012 and its leader, Pauline Marois, became the first female premier of Quebec.[121] The Liberal Party of Quebec then returned to power in 2014.[122] In 2018, the Coalition Avenir Québec won the provincial general elections.[123] Between 2020-21, Quebec took measures against the COVID-19 pandemic.[124] In 2022, Coalition Avenir Québec, led by Quebec's premier François Legault, increased its parliamentary majority in the provincial general elections.[125]
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Canada in the 18th century.
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The Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1783.
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Patriots' War in 1837, Canada Eastin 1841)
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Quebec from 1867 to 1927.
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Quebec today. Quebec (in blue) has a border dispute with Labrador (in red).
Geography
Located in the eastern part of Canada, Quebec occupies a territory nearly three times the size of France or Texas. Most of Quebec is very sparsely populated.[126] The most populous physiographic region is the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands. The combination of rich soils and the lowlands' relatively warm climate makes this valley the most prolific agricultural area of Quebec. The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to the seigneurial system.
Quebec's topography is very different from one region to another due to the varying composition of the ground, the climate, and the proximity to water. More than 95% of Quebec's territory, including the Labrador Peninsula, lies within the Canadian Shield.[127] It is generally a quite flat and exposed mountainous terrain interspersed with higher points such as the Laurentian Mountains in southern Quebec, the Otish Mountains in central Quebec and the Torngat Mountains near Ungava Bay. While low and medium altitude peaks extend from western Quebec to the far north, high altitudes mountains emerge in the Capitale-Nationale region to the extreme east. Quebec's highest point at 1,652 metres (5,420 ft) is Mont d'Iberville, known in English as Mount Caubvick.[128] In the Labrador Peninsula portion of the Shield, the far northern region of Nunavik includes the Ungava Peninsula and consists of flat Arctic tundra inhabited mostly by the Inuit. Further south is the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion and the Central Canadian Shield forests. The Appalachian region has a narrow strip of ancient mountains along the southeastern border of Quebec.[129]
Quebec has one of the world's largest reserves of
The
Climate
In general, the climate of Quebec is cold and humid, with variations determined by latitude, maritime and elevation influences.[137] Because of the influence of both storm systems from the core of North America and the Atlantic Ocean, precipitation is abundant throughout the year, with most areas receiving more than 1,000 mm (39 in) of precipitation, including over 300 cm (120 in) of snow in many areas.[138] During the summer, severe weather patterns (such as tornadoes and severe thunderstorms) occur occasionally.[139]
Quebec is divided into four climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, humid continental and East maritime. From south to north, average temperatures range in summer between 25 and 5 °C (77 and 41 °F) and, in winter, between −10 and −25 °C (14 and −13 °F).[140][141] In periods of intense heat and cold, temperatures can reach 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer[142] and −40 °C (−40 °F) during the Quebec winter,[142] Most of central Quebec, ranging from 51 to 58 degrees North has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc).[137] Winters are long, very cold, and snowy, and among the coldest in eastern Canada, while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and the greater influence of Arctic air masses. Precipitation is also somewhat less than farther south, except at some of the higher elevations. The northern regions of Quebec have an arctic climate (Köppen ET), with very cold winters and short, much cooler summers.[137] The primary influences in this region are the Arctic Ocean currents (such as the Labrador Current) and continental air masses from the High Arctic.
The all-time record high temperature was 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) and the all-time record low was −51.0 °C (−59.8 °F).
Flora and fauna
Given the geology of the province and its different climates, there are a number of large areas of vegetation in Quebec. These areas, listed in order from the northernmost to the southernmost are: the
The total forest area of Quebec is estimated at 750,300 km2 (289,700 sq mi).
Biodiversity of the estuary and gulf of Saint Lawrence River
Among the birds commonly seen in the southern part of Quebec are the
The large land wildlife includes the
Government and politics
Quebec is founded on the
Quebec has 78
The Quebec government holds
Quebec has a network of three offices for representing itself and defending its interests within Canada: one in Moncton for all provinces east, one in Toronto for all provinces west, and one in Ottawa for the federal government. These offices' mandate is to ensure an institutional presence of the Government of Quebec near other Canadian governments.[160][161]
Subdivisions
The ecological classification of Quebec territory established by the Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks 2021, is presented in 9 levels, it includes the diversity of terrestrial ecosystems throughout Quebec while taking into account both the characteristics of the vegetation (physiognomy, structure and composition) and the physical environment (relief, geology, geomorphology, hydrography).[129]
- Vegetation zone
- Vegetation subzone
- Bioclimatic domain
- Bioclimatic subdomain
- Ecological region
- Ecological subregion
- Regional landscape unit
- Ecological district
- Vegetation stage
Quebec's territory is divided into 17
The province also has the following divisions:
- 4 territories (Abitibi, Ashuanipi, Mistassini and Nunavik) which group together the lands that once formed the District of Ungava
- 36 judicial districts
- 73 circonscriptions foncières
- 125 electoral districts[164]
For municipal purposes, Quebec is composed of:
- 1,117 types:
- 11 agglomerations(agglomérations) grouping 42 of these local municipalities
- 45 boroughs (arrondissements) within 8 of these local municipalities
- 11
- 89 regional county municipalities or RCMs (municipalités régionales de comté, MRC)
- 2 metropolitan communities (communautés métropolitaines)
- the regional Kativik administration
- the unorganised territories[165]
Ministries and policies
Quebec's constitution is enshrined in a series of social and cultural traditions that are defined in a set of judicial judgments and legislative documents, including the Loi sur l'Assemblée Nationale ("Law on the National Assembly"), the Loi sur l'éxecutif ("Law on the Executive"), and the Loi électorale du Québec ("Electoral Law of Quebec").
Quebec's international policy is founded upon the
Since 2006, Quebec has adopted a green plan to meet the objectives of the
Agriculture in Quebec has been subject to agricultural zoning regulations since 1978.[173] Faced with the problem of expanding urban sprawl, agricultural zones were created to ensure the protection of fertile land, which make up 2% of Quebec's total area. Quebec's forests are essentially public property. The calculation of annual cutting possibilities is the responsibility of the Bureau du forestier en chef.[174] The Union des producteurs agricoles (UPA) seeks to protect the interests of its members, including forestry workers, and works jointly with the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPAQ) and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.
The Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale du Québec has the mandate to oversee social and workforce developments through Emploi-Québec and its local employment centres (CLE).[175] This ministry is also responsible for managing the Régime québécois d'assurance parentale (QPIP) as well as last-resort financial support for people in need. The Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST) is the main body responsible for labour laws in Quebec[176] and for enforcing agreements concluded between unions of employees and their employers.[177]
Revenu Québec is the body responsible for collecting taxes. It takes its revenue through a progressive income tax, a 9.975% sales tax,[178] various other provincial taxes (ex. carbon, corporate and capital gains taxes), equalization payments, transfer payments from other provinces, and direct payments.[179] By some measures Quebec residents are the most taxed;[180] a 2012 study indicated that "Quebec companies pay 26 per cent more in taxes than the Canadian average".[181]
Quebec's immigration philosophy is based on the principles of pluralism and interculturalism.The Ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles du Québec is responsible for the selection and integration of immigrants.[182] Programs favour immigrants who know French, have a low risk of becoming criminals and have in-demand skills.
Quebec's health and social services network is administered by the Ministry of Health and Social Services. It is composed of 95 réseaux locaux de services (RLS; 'local service networks') and 18 agences de la santé et des services sociaux (ASSS; 'health and social services agencies'). Quebec's health system is supported by the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ) which works to maintain the accessibility of services for all citizens of Quebec.[183]
The Ministère de la Famille et des Aînés du Québec operate centres de la petite enfance (CPEs; 'centres for young children'). Quebec's education system is administered by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education (primary and secondary schools), the Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur (CEGEP) and the Conseil supérieure de l'Education du Québec (universities and colleges).[184] In 2012, the annual cost for postsecondary tuition was CA$2,168 (€1,700)—less than half of Canada's average tuition. Part of the reason for this is that tuition fees were frozen to a relatively low level when CEGEPS were created during the Quiet Revolution. When Jean Charest's government decided in 2012 to sharply increase university fees, students protests erupted.[185] Because of these protests, Quebec's tuition fees remain relatively low.
External relationships
Quebec's closest international partner is the United States, with which it shares a long and positive history. Products of
Quebec has a historied relationship with France, as Quebec was a part of the French Empire and both regions share a language. The
Quebec has a
Quebec also has a representative to
Law
Quebec law is the shared responsibility of the federal and provincial government. The federal government is responsible for criminal law, foreign affairs and laws relating to the regulation of Canadian commerce, interprovincial transportation, and telecommunications.[188] The provincial government is responsible for private law, the administration of justice, and several social domains, such as social assistance, healthcare, education, and natural resources.[188]
Quebec law is influenced by two judicial traditions (
English is not an official language in Quebec law.[196] However, both English and French are required by the Constitution Act, 1867 for the enactment of laws and regulations, and any person may use English or French in the National Assembly and the courts. The books and records of the National Assembly must also be kept in both languages.[197][198]
Courts
Although Quebec is a civil law jurisdiction, it does not follow the pattern of other civil law systems which have court systems divided by subject matter. Instead, the court system follows the English model of unitary courts of general jurisdiction. The provincial courts have jurisdiction to decide matters under
The Quebec courts are organized in a pyramid. At the bottom, there are the
The Court of Appeal serves two purposes. First, it is the general court of appeal for all legal issues from the lower courts. It hears appeals from the trial decisions of the Superior Court and the Quebec Court. It also can hear appeals from decisions rendered by those two courts on appeals or judicial review matters relating to the municipal courts and administrative tribunals.[201] Second, but much more rarely, the Court of Appeal possesses the power to respond to reference questions posed to it by the Quebec Cabinet. The Court of Appeal renders more than 1,500 judgments per year.[202]
Law enforcement
The Sûreté du Québec is the main police force of Quebec. The Sûreté du Québec can also serve a support and coordination role with other police forces, such as with municipal police forces or with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).[203][204] The RCMP has the power to enforce certain federal laws in Quebec. However, given the existence of the Sûreté du Québec, its role is more limited than in the other provinces.[205]
Municipal police, such as the
For offences against provincial or federal laws in Quebec (including the
Demographics
In the
In 2016, Quebec's median age was 41.2 years. As of 2020, 20.8% of the population were younger than 20, 59.5% were aged between 20 and 64, and 19.7% were 65 or older. In 2019, Quebec witnessed an increase in the number of births compared to the year before (84,200 vs 83,840) and had a
Religion
According to the 2021 census, the most commonly cited religions in Quebec were:[214]
- Christianity (5,385,240 residents, or 64.8%)
- Irreligion (2,267,720 or 27.3%)
- Islam (421,710 or 5.1%)
- Judaism(84,530 or 1.0%)
- Buddhism (48,365 or 0.6%)
- Hinduism (47,390 or 0.6%)
- Sikhism (23,345 or 0.3%)
- Indigenous spirituality(3,790 or <0.1%)
- Other (26,385 or 0.3%)
The
The oldest
Language
Quebec is the only Canadian province whose population is mainly
People with English as their native language, called
Three families of Indigenous languages encompassing eleven languages exist in Quebec: the
As of the
As of the
Indigenous peoples
In 2021, the Indigenous population of Quebec numbered 205,010 (2.5% of the population), including 15,800 Inuit, 116,550 First Nations people, and 61,010 Métis.[234] There is an undercount, as some Indian bands regularly refuse to participate in Canadian censuses. In 2016, the Mohawk reserves of Kahnawake and Doncaster 17 along with the Indian settlement of Kanesatake and Lac-Rapide, a reserve of the Algonquins of Barriere Lake, were not counted.[235]
The Inuit of Quebec live mainly in
A few political institutions have also been created over time:
- The Assembly of First Nations Quebec-Labrador[238]
- The Grand Council of the Crees[239]
- The Makivik Corporation[240]
Acadians
The subject of
Quebec houses Acadian communities. Acadians mainly live on the
Economy
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Economic data is out-of-date, most is from 2011.(June 2019) |
Quebec has an advanced, market-based, and open economy. In 2022, its gross domestic product (GDP) was US$50,000 per person at purchasing power parity.[246] The economy of Quebec is the 46th largest in the world behind Chile and 29th for GDP per person.[247][248] Quebec represents 19% of the GDP of Canada. The provincial debt-to-GDP ratio peaked at 51% in 2012–2013, and declined to 43% in 2021.[249]
Like most
Some of the most important companies from Quebec are:
Exports and imports
Thanks to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Quebec had, as of 2009[update], experienced an increase in its exports and in its ability to compete on the international market. International exchanges contribute to the strength of the Quebec economy.[255] NAFTA is especially advantageous as it gives Quebec, among other things, access to a market of 130 million consumers within a radius of 1,000 kilometres.
In 2008, Quebec's exports to other provinces in Canada and abroad totalled 157.3 billion CND$, or 51.8% of Quebec's gross domestic product (GDP). Of this total, 60.4% were international exports, and 39.6% were interprovincial exports. The breakdown by destination of international merchandise exports is: United States (72.2%), Europe (14.4%), Asia (5.1%), Middle East (2.7%), Central America (2.3%), South America (1.9%), Africa (0.8%) and Oceania (0.7%).[255]
In 2008, Quebec imported $178 billion worth of goods and services, or 58.6% of its GDP. Of this total, 62.9% of goods were imported from international markets, while 37.1% of goods were interprovincial imports. The breakdown by origin of international merchandise imports is as follows: United States (31.1%), Europe (28.7%), Asia (17.1%), Africa (11.7%), South America (4.5%), Central America (3.7%), Middle East (1.3%) and Oceania (0.7%).[255]
Primary sector
Quebec produces most of Canada's
Quebec ranks among the top ten areas to do business in mining in the world.
The
Secondary sector
In 2021, Quebec's
The
As Quebec has few significant deposits of fossil fuels,[276] all hydrocarbons are imported. Refiners' sourcing strategies have varied over time and have depended on market conditions. In the 1990s, Quebec purchased much of its oil from the North Sea. Since 2015, it now consumes almost exclusively the crude produced in western Canada and the United States.[277] Quebec's two active refineries have a total capacity of 402,000 barrels per day, greater than local needs which stood at 365,000 barrels per day in 2018.[276]
Thanks to hydroelectricity, Quebec is the world's fourth largest aluminum producer and creates 90% of Canadian aluminum. Three companies make aluminum here: Rio Tinto, Alcoa and Aluminium Alouette. Their 9 alumineries produce 2,9 million tons of aluminum annually and employ 30,000 workers.[278]
Tertiary sector
The finance and insurance sector employs more than 168,000 people. Of this number, 78,000 are employed by the banking sector, 53,000 by the insurance sector and 20,000 by the securities and investment sector.[279] The Bank of Montreal, founded in 1817 in Montreal, was Quebec's first bank but, like many other large banks, its central branch is now in Toronto. Several banks remain based in Quebec National Bank of Canada, the Desjardins Group and the Laurentian Bank.
The
Quebec's
Approximately 1.1 million Quebecers work in the field of science and technology.
Quebec is considered one of world leaders in fundamental scientific research, having produced ten Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry, or medicine.[292] It is also considered one of the world leaders in sectors such as aerospace, information technology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, and therefore plays a significant role in the world's scientific and technological communities.[293] Between 2000 and 2011, Quebec had over 9,469 scientific publications in biomedical research and engineering.[294] The contribution of Quebec in science and technology represented approximately 1% of the research worldwide between the 1980s and 2009.[295]
The province is one of the world leaders in the field of
Quebec ranks among the world leaders in the field of
Education
The education system of Quebec, administered by the government of Quebec's
All universities in Quebec exist by virtue of laws adopted by the National Assembly of Quebec in 1967 during the Quiet Revolution. Their financing mostly comes from public taxes, but the laws under which they operate grants them more autonomy than other levels of education.[305]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Development and security of land transportation in Canada are provided by Transports Québec.[306] Other organizations, such as the Canadian Coast Guard and Nav Canada, provide the same service for the sea and air transportation. The Commission des transports du Québec works with the freight carriers and the public transport.
The réseau routier québécois (Quebec road network) is managed by the Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec (SAAQ; Quebec Automobile Insurance Corporation) and consists of about 185,000 km (115,000 mi) of highways and national, regional, local, collector and forest roads. In addition, Quebec has almost 12,000 bridges, tunnels, retaining walls, culverts and other structures[307] such as the Quebec Bridge, the Laviolette Bridge and the Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge–Tunnel.
In the waters of the Saint Lawrence there are eight deep-water ports for the transhipment of goods. In 2003, 3886 cargo and 9.7 million tonnes of goods transited the Quebec portion of the
Concerning rail transport, Quebec has 6,678 km (4,150 mi) of railways
Quebec's air network includes 43 airports that offer scheduled services on a daily basis.[308] In addition, the Government of Quebec owns airports and heliports to increase the accessibility of local services to communities in the Basse-Côte-Nord and northern regions.[311]
Various other transport networks crisscross the province of Quebec, including hiking trails, snowmobile trails and bike paths. The
Healthcare
Quebec has a health policy that emphasizes prevention, is based on the analysis of health-related data, and evolves with the needs of the population. Similar to other developed economies, the public health policies implemented in Quebec have extended the life expectancy of its population since the mid-20th century.[313]
Health and social services are part of the same administration. The Quebec health system is also public, which means that the government acts as the main insurer and administrator, that funding is provided by general taxation, and that patients have access to care regardless of their income level.
There are 34 health establishments in Quebec, 22 of which are an Integrated Health and Social Services Centre (CISSS). They ensure the distribution of different services on the territories they are assigned to. Quebec has approximately 140 hospitals for general or specialised care (CHSGS). Quebec also has other types of establishments in its healthcare system, such as Centre local de services communautaires (CLSC), Centre d'hébergement et de soins de longue durée (CHSLD), Centre de réadaptation and Centre de protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse. Finally, there are private healthcare establishments (paid for directly by the patient) like Groupe de médecine de famille , pharmacies, private clinics, dentists, community organisations and retirement homes.[314]
A 2021 Ipsos poll found that 85% of Quebecers agree that their health care system is too bureaucratic to respond to the needs of the population[315] and in 2023 found that less than half of Quebecers are satisfied with the provincial health care system.[316]
Housing
In 2021, 59.9% of Quebec's residents were property owners.[317] In 2019, among property owners, 34% were couples with kids, 33% were couples without children, 22% lived alone, 8% were single parents, and 3% were something else. Among renters, 16% were couples with kids, 13% were couples without children, 51% lived alone, 13% were single parents, and 7% were something else.[211]
Since the 1980s, the average price of a single-family home has doubled every 10 years, going from $48,715 in 1980 to $424,844 in 2021. Since the average salary did not follow these increases, Quebec homes are 10 times more expensive then they were 40 years ago.[318] In 2022, the cities with the most severe housing shortages were Granby, with a vacancy rate of 0,1%, followed by Marieville (0,1%), Rimouski (0,2%), Drummondville (0,2%) and Rouyn-Noranda (0,3%).[319]
Culture
Quebec has developed its own unique culture from its historic New France roots. Its culture also symbolizes a distinct perspective: being a French-speaking nation surrounded by a bigger English-speaking culture.
The Quartier Latin (English: Latin Quarter) of Montreal, and Vieux-Québec (English: Old Quebec) in Quebec City are two hubs of metropolitan cultural activity. Life in the cafés and "terrasses" (outdoor restaurant terraces) reveals a Latin influence in Quebec's culture, with the théâtre Saint-Denis in Montreal and the Capitole de Québec theatre in Quebec City being among the principal attractions.
A number of governmental and non-government organizations support cultural activity in Quebec. The
Performing arts
Traditional music is imbued with many dances, such as the
Among the theatre troupes are the
Several circus troupes were created in recent decades, the most important being the Cirque du Soleil.[323] Among these troops are contemporary, travelling and on-horseback circuses, such as Les 7 Doigts de la Main, Cirque Éloize, Cavalia, Kosmogonia, Saka and Cirque Akya.[324] The National Circus School and the École de cirque de Québec were created to train future Contemporary circus artists. Tohu, la Cité des Arts du Cirque was founded in 2004 to disseminate the circus arts.[325]
Comedy is a vast cultural sector. Quebec has created and is home to several different comedy festivals, including the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal, as well as the Grand Rire festivals of Quebec, Gatineau and Sherbrooke.[326] The Association des professionnels de l'industrie de l'humour (APIH) is the main organization for the promotion and development of the cultural sector of humour in Quebec and the National School of Humour , created in 1988, trains future humorists in Quebec.
Media
The
Popular comedy shows include Cré Basile, Le zoo du Capitaine Bonhomme, Lundi des Ha! Ha !, Démons du midi,
In the realm of literature and international publishing, the Québec Édition group is a committee created by the National Association of Book Editors dedicated to the international influence of French-language publishings from Quebec and Canada.[333]
Literature and folklore
Quebec's French-speaking populace has the second largest body of folktales in Canada (the first being
From New France, Quebec literature was first developed in the travel accounts of explorers. The Moulin à paroles traces the great texts that have shaped the history of Quebec. The first to write the history of Quebec, since its discovery, was the historian
Popular French-language contemporary writers include Louis Caron, Suzanne Jacob, Yves Beauchemin, and Gilles Archambault. Well-known English-language writers from Quebec include Leonard Cohen, Mordecai Richler, and Neil Bissoondath.
Art and architecture
The art of Quebec has developed around the specific characteristics of its landscapes and cultural, historical, social and political representations. The development of Quebec masterpieces in painting, printmaking and sculpture is marked by the contribution of artists such as
The fine arts of Quebec are displayed at the
Quebec's architecture is characterized by its unique
Canadien-style houses and barns were developed by the first settlers of New France along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River. These buildings are rectangular one-storey structures with an extremely tall and steep roof, sometimes almost twice as tall as the house below. Canadien-style churches also developed and served as landmarks while traversing rural Quebec.
Heritage
Several sites, houses and historical works reflect the cultural heritage of Quebec, such as the Village Québécois d'Antan, the historical village of Val-Jalbert, the Fort Chambly, the national home of the Patriots, the Chicoutimi pulp mill (Pulperie de Chicoutimi), the Lachine Canal and the Victoria Bridge. As of December 2011, there are 198 National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec.[340] These sites were designated as being of national historic significance.[341]
Various museums tell the cultural history of Quebec, like the
Cuisine
The traditional Quebecois cuisine descends from 16th-century French cuisine, the fur trade and a history of hunting. Quebec's cuisine has also been influenced by learning from First Nation, by English cuisine and by American cuisine. Quebec is most famous for its tourtière, pâté chinois, poutine, and St. Catherine's taffy among others. "Le temps des sucres" is a period during springtime when many Quebecers go to the sugar shack (cabane à sucre) for a traditional meal.
Quebec is the world's biggest maple syrup producer.[343] The province has a long history of producing maple syrup, and creating new maple-derived products. Other major food products include beer, wine (including ice wine and ice cider), and cheese.
Sports
Sports in Quebec constitutes an essential dimension of Quebec culture.
Quebec athletes have performed well at the Winter Olympics over recent years. They won 12 of Canada's 29 medals at the most recent Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang (2018); they won 12 of the 27 Canadian medals in Sochi (2014); and 9 of the 26 Canadian medals in Vancouver (2010).[345]
Holidays and symbols
Other distinct holiday traditions include the Réveillon, a giant feast and party which takes place during Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve and goes on until midnight. Traditional dishes like tourtière or cipâte are offered, and rigaudon, spoon or violin may be played.[350] Finally, April Fools' Day is called Poisson d'Avril ("April's Fish") because while pulling pranks is still important, there is another major tradition: sticking fish-shaped paper cutouts to people's backs without them noticing.[351]
In 1939, the
The first members of the
Emblems of Quebec
There are three official emblems in Quebec:
-
Iris versicolor Flower
-
Bubo scandiacus, Snowy owl
- Iris versicolor Linné. — Iris versicolore. — Clajeux. — (Larger blue-flag), the floral emblem of Quebec since 1999.
Through the variety and harmony of the colors of its flower, the versicolor iris perfectly illustrates the cultural diversity of Quebec. It also underlines the importance of water and wetlands for the balance of nature.
- Bubo scandiacus. — Harfang des neiges. — Snowy owl, the avian emblem of Quebec since 1987.
The owl symbolizes the whiteness of Quebec winters, roots in a semi-northern climate and extension over a very vast territory.
- Betula alleghaniensis Britton. — Bouleau des Alléghanys. — Merisier. — Yellow birch, forest emblem since 1993.
Colloquially called Merisier, yellow birch, in addition to being one of the best-known noble woods in Quebec, is distinguished by the variety of its uses and by its commercial value. It was picked to emphasize the importance Québécois give to the forests.[353][354]
-
St-Jean-Baptiste Daycelebrations at Maisonneuve park in Montréal
-
The Fleurdelisé flying at Place d'Armes in Montreal
Quebec's diaspora
The earliest immigrants to the
From the mid-1800s to the
Some tried to slow the Grande Hémorragie by redirecting people north, which resulted in the founding of many regions in Quebec (ex.
In recent times, snowbirds often migrate to southern Florida during the winter, resulting in the emergence of temporary "Québécois regions".
Notes
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- Ministry of Environment of Quebec (2002). Water. Life. Future. National Policy on water (PDF). Government of Quebec. ISBN 978-2-550-40074-5.
- Riendeau, Roger E. (2007). A brief history of Canada. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6335-2.
- Whitmore, Johanne; Pineau, Pierre-Olivier (January 2020). État de llénergie au Québec 2020 (PDF). HEC Montréal.
Further reading
English
- Anderson, Fred (2000). Crucible of Wars: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40642-3.
- Bergeron, Léandre (1974). Why There Must Be a Revolution in Québec. New Canada Publications. ISBN 0-919600-16-6.
- Cave, Alfred A. (2004). The French and Indian War. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32168-9.
- Courville, Serge; Howard, Richard (2009). Quebec: A Historical Geography. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1426-3.
- Dickinson, John Alexander; Young, Brian J. (2003). A short history of Quebec. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2393-7.
- Gairdner, William D (1994). Constitutional Crack-up: Canada and the Coming Showdown with Québec. Stoddart Publishing Co. ISBN 0-7737-5658-2.
- Gauvreau, Michael (2005). The Catholic origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931–1970. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2874-1.
- Grenon, Jean-Yves (2000). Pierre Dugua De Mons: Founder of Acadie (1604–5), Co-Founder of Quebec (1608). Translated by Phil Roberts. Annapolis Royal, NS: Peninsular Press. ISBN 978-0-9682016-2-6.
- Kokker, Steve (2002). Québec. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-024-2.
- Lefkowitz, Arthur S. (2008). Benedict Arnold's Army: The 1775 American Invasion of Canada during the Revolutionary War. Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-03-6.
- Maclure, Jocelyn (2003). Quebec identity: the challenge of pluralism. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2553-5.
- McRoberts, Kenneth; Posgate, Dale (1984). Québec: Social Change and Political Crisis (Rev. and updated ed.). McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-7185-X.
- Merriam; Webster (2003). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5.
- Roussopoulos, Dimitrios I, ed. (1974). Québec and Radical Social Change. Black Rose Books. ISBN 0-919618-51-0.
- Scott, Colin (2001). Aboriginal autonomy and development in northern Quebec and Labrador. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0844-6.
- Taucar, Christopher Edward (2002). Canadian Federalism and Quebec Sovereignty. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-6242-4.
- Webb Hodge, Frederick (1912). American Indians North of Mexico, Volume 4, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Handbook. Digital Scanning Inc. ISBN 978-1-58218-751-8.
French
- Armony, Victor (2007). Le Québec expliqué aux immigrants. VLB Éditeur. ISBN 978-2-89005-985-6.
- Bergeron, Léandre; Landry, Pierre (2008). Petit manuel d'histoire du Québec, 1534–2008. Éditions Trois-Pistoles. ISBN 978-2-89583-183-9.
- Binot, Guy (2004). Pierre Dugua de Mons: gentilhomme royannais, premier colonisateur du Canada, lieutenant général de la Nouvelle-France de 1603 à 1612. Bonne anse. ISBN 978-2-914463-13-3.
- Institut de la statistique du Québec (2010). Le Québec chiffres en main (PDF). Government of Quebec. ISBN 978-2-550-49444-7. Archived from the original(PDF) on August 27, 2010.
- Lacoursière, Jacques; Provencher, Jean; Vaugeois, Denis (2000). Canada-Québec 1534–2000. Septentrion. ISBN 978-2-89448-156-1.
- Lacoursière, Jacques (2005). Histoire du Québec, Des origines à nos jours. Édition Nouveau Monde. ISBN 978-2-84736-113-1.
- La Rochelle, Louis (1982). En flagrant délit de pouvoir: chroniques des événements poliltiques, de Maurice Duplessis à René Lévesque. Boreal Express. ISBN 2-89052-058-7.
- Liebel, Jean (1999). Pierre Dugua, sieur de Mons, fondateur de Québec. Le Croît vif. ISBN 978-2-907967-48-8.
- Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume 1; De la Confédération à la crise (1867–1929). Les Éditions du Boréal. ISBN 978-2-89052-297-8.
- Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume 2; Le Québec depuis 1930. Les Éditions du Boréal. ISBN 978-2-89052-298-5.
- Morf, Gustave (1970). Le Terrorisme québécois. Éditions de l'Homme.
- Parizeau, Jacques (1997). Pour un Québec souverain. V.L.B. éditeur. ISBN 2-89005-655-4.
- Pelletier, Réal, ed. (1975). Une Certaine Révolution tranquille: 22 juin [19]60–[19]75. La Presse.
- Venne, Michel (2006). L'annuaire du Québec 2007. Fides. ISBN 978-2-7621-2746-1.