Footwear

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Sneakers are a type of footwear
A pair of long thigh-high socks

Footwear refers to

protection
against adversities of the environment such as wear from rough ground; stability on slippery ground; and temperature.

  • Shoes and similar garments ease locomotion and prevent injuries. Such footwear can also be used for fashion and adornment, as well as to indicate the status or rank of the person within a social structure.
  • Socks and other hosiery are typically worn additionally between the feet and other footwear for further comfort and relief.

Cultures have different customs regarding footwear. These include not using any in some situations, usually bearing a symbolic meaning. This can however also be imposed on specific individuals to place them at a practical disadvantage against shod people, if they are excluded from having footwear available or are prohibited from using any. This usually takes place in situations of captivity, such as imprisonment or slavery, where the groups are among other things distinctly divided by whether or not footwear is being worn.

In some cultures, people remove their shoes before entering a home. Bare feet are also seen as a sign of humility and respect, and adherents of many religions worship or mourn while barefoot. Some religious communities explicitly require people to remove shoes before they enter holy buildings, such as temples.

In several cultures people remove their shoes as a sign of respect towards someone of higher standing. Similarly, deliberately forcing other people to go barefoot while being shod oneself has been used to clearly showcase and convey one's superiority within a setting of power disparity.

Practitioners of the craft of shoemaking are called shoemakers, cobblers, or cordwainers.

History

Footwear has been used by humans since prehistoric times, with paleoclimatology suggesting that they would have been needed in some areas of human settlement by at least 50,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Period. Osteologists have found evidence of the effect of footwear on human remains by around 40,000 years ago.[1] The oldest shoes so far recovered were found by a team under Luther Cressman in Fort Rock Cave, Oregon, US, in 1938. They had been preserved under the Mazama Ash deposited c. 5025 BC during the volcanic eruption that formed Crater Lake.[2] In 1999, they were dated to around 10,500–9,300 BP.[3]

Egyptian

Temple of Solomon before Babylonian customs prevailed and entering houses of worship in footwear became common in Judaism[9][10] and Christianity
.

The

martyred during the Diocletianic Persecution.[15]

In

baths and whose height was considered to be a marker of status.)[17]

By the

Confederate Army during the Civil War[22] and became responsible in legend for the decisive Battle of Gettysburg.[23]

Amid the

factory town that developed into a garden city
.

  • A preserved "ten footer" in Stoneham, Massachusetts (2013)
    A preserved "ten footer" in Stoneham, Massachusetts (2013)
  • Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1849
    Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1849
  • American shoemakers demonstrating machinery to visiting Chinese in 1870
    American shoemakers demonstrating machinery to visiting
    Chinese
    in 1870
  • Lynn in 1879
    Lynn in 1879
  • Matzeliger's automated laster
    automated laster
  • Women creating uppers in Lynn in 1895
    Women creating uppers in Lynn in 1895
  • Bata advertisement for their half-price response to the 1920 Depression
    1920 Depression

By the early 20th century,

skate shoes
.

The

Fall of Communism, Italy dismantled its domestic industry, outsourcing its work to Eastern Europe, which proved less dependable than the Chinese and further eroded their market share.[39] Beginning around the year 2000, China has constantly produced more than half of the world's shoes.[40] As of 2021, footwear is the 30th most traded category internationally;[41] but, while China produces well over 60% of exported footwear,[42] it currently earns less than 36% of the value of the total trade[43]
owing to the continuing importance of American, German, and other brands in the North American and European markets.

Materials

Modern footwear is usually made of

rubber. In fact, leather was one of the original materials used for the first versions of a shoe.[44]
The soles can be made of rubber or plastic, sometimes with the addition of a sheet of metal on the inside. Roman sandals had sheets of metal on their soles so that they would not bend out of shape.

In more recent times, footwear suppliers such as Nike have begun to source environmentally friendly materials.[45]

Components

Typical shoe component location and nomenclature.
  • Adhesives
  • Buckle
  • Counter (footwear)
    : Backstay fitting between upper and lining in heel area and giving structure to back of shoe and supporting ankle.
  • Eyelet
  • Heel
  • Hook
  • Insole
  • Outsole
  • Laces
  • Shank
  • Sole
  • Tack
  • Tongue (footwear)
    : Part of shoe covering top of foot underneath laces
  • Tread
  • Welt

Types

See also: List of shoe styles

Boots

Shoes

Bowling shoes
are a type of athletic shoe
A football boot based upon a common design used in 2018. Note the absence of a leather tongue, the relatively low rear upper around the heel, and the presence of a sock style fastener. This design helps to ensure maximum flexibility and range of movement. By limiting the potential impingement of the ankle joint by the boot upper, it allows the wearer's gait to be more natural.
Vibram FiveFingers toe shoes

Sandals

Slippers

Specific footwear

A climbing shoe

Traditional footwear

Footwraps used by the Finnish Army
until the 1990s

Socks

Socks.
Toe socks.
Tabi.

Footwear industry

In Europe, recent decades have seen a decline in the footwear industry. While about 27,000 firms were in business in 2005, only 21,700 remained in 2009. Not only have these firms decreased in number, but direct employment has also reduced within the sector.[46]

In the U.S., the annual footwear industry revenue was $48 billion in 2012. In 2015, there were about 29,000 shoe stores in the U.S. and the shoe industry employed about 189,000 people.[47] Due to rising imports, these numbers are also declining. The only way of staying afloat in the shoe market is to establish a presence in niche markets.[48]

Safety of footwear products

To ensure high quality and safety of footwear, manufacturers have to make sure all products comply to existing and relevant standards. By producing footwear in accordance with national and international regulations, potential risks can be minimized and the interest of both textile manufacturers and consumers can be protected. The following standards/regulations apply to footwear products:

  • CPSIA
  • GB Standards
    such as
    • GB20400－2006 Leather and fur-limit of harmful matter
    • QB/T1002-2005 Leather shoes
    • GB/T 15107 Athletic footwear
  • EN Standards for Footwear
  • ASTM Standards[49]
  • ISO standards[50]
  • AAFA
    Restricted Substance List
  • BIS (ISI) : IS 15298-I: 2011 test methods, IS 15298 –II for safety footwear, IS 15298-III Protective footwear, IS 15298-IV Occupational Footwear

Impressions

Footwear can create two types of impressions: two-dimensional and three-dimensional impressions.[51] When footwear places material onto a solid surface, it creates a two-dimensional impression.[51][52] These types of impressions can be made with a variety of substances, like dirt and sand.[51] When footwear removes material from a soft surface, it creates a three-dimensional impression.[51][52] These types of impressions can be made in a variety of soft substances, like snow and dirt.[51] Two-dimensional impressions also differ from three-dimensional impressions because the latter demonstrate length, width, and depth whereas two-dimensional impressions only demonstrate the first two aspects.[52]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Lewis, Robert (2022), "Shoes", Official site, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  2. ^ Connolly, Tom (11 January 2016), The World's Oldest Shoes, Eugene: University of Oregon.
  3. ^ "World's Oldest Shoes in Oregon...", The Seattle Times, Seattle, 1 December 1999{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  4. ^ Jones, Kirtly (7 January 2016), High Heels' Damage to the Human Foot, Salt Lake City: University of Utah, College of Health Care.
  5. ISBN 9780262351577
    – via IEEE Xplore.
  6. ^ a b Purser, Louis Claude (1890), "Calceus", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte.
  7. ^ Nails, Debra; et al. (2022), "Socrates", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford: Stanford University.
  8. ^ "Unearthing the First Spartan Boys where not allowed to wear shoes to toughen their feet and allow stronger dexterity in their toes Olympics". NPR. July 19, 2004. Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  9. ^ Golinkin, David (13 August 2020), "Is It Permissible to Pray Barefoot?", Official site, Tel Aviv: Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies.
  10. ^ Jastrow, Morris Jr.; et al. (1906), "Barefoot", Jewish Encyclopedia, New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  11. ISBN 9780801874130
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-313-35714-5
    . Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  13. Talbert, Richard John Alexander
    (1984), The Senate of Imperial Rome, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  14. ^ a b c Chin, Lily (1999), "Shoes", Millennium Web Package, San Jose: Knight Ridder/Tribune Information Services.
  15. ^ Meier, Gabriel (1908), "Sts. Crispin and Crispinian", The Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4, New York: Robert Appleton Co..
  16. ^ "Dangerous Elegance: A History of High-Heeled Shoes". Retrieved July 1, 2010.
  17. ^ Ergil, Leyla Yvonne (11 August 2017), "Magic Slippers: Tales of the Turkish 'Terlik'", The Daily Sabah.
  18. ISBN 978-1-4398-3568-5
    .
  19. ^ Dangerous Elegance: A History of High-Heeled Shoes, retrieved 1 July 2010
  20. Rétif, Nicolas-Edme
    (1769), Le Pied de Fanchette (in French).
  21. ISBN 0-89815-525-8
    .
  22. ^ Bierle, Sarah Kay (7 April 2022), "On the March: A Few Notes on Shoes & Boots", Official site, Stevenson Ridge: Emerging Civil War.
  23. ^ Wolfe, Brendan (7 December 2020), "Shoes at Gettysburg", Encyclopedia Virginia, Charlottesville: Virginia Humanities.
  24. ^
    JSTOR 2120894
    .
  25. ^ Federal Writer's Project of the Works Progress Administration for Massachusetts (1937), "Lynn", Massachusetts: A Guide to Its Places and People, American Guide Series, Cambridge: Riverside Press.
  26. ^ "How Massachusetts Became Shoemaker to the Country", Official site, Boston: Computer Images, 2016.
  27. ^ Dooley, William H. (1912), A Manual of Shoemaking and Leather and Rubber Products, Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., p. 253
  28. ^ "History of Shoemaking in Britain—Napoleonic Wars and the Industrial Revolution", Heart & Sole: Boot and Shoe Making in Staffordshire, Shugborough: Staffordshire County Museum, 9 December 2010, archived from the original on 2 February 2014, retrieved 1 July 2023.
  29. ^ Cutter, William Richard; et al. (2021), "John Brooks Nichols", Fiddlebase.
  30. ^ Lienhard, Jan H. (2000), "No. 522: Jan Matzeliger", Engines of Our Ingenuity, Houston: University of Houston.
  31. ^ Computer Images (2016).
  32. ^ Herwick, Edgar B. III (30 May 2014), "How Lynn Became the Shoe Capital of the World", Official site, Boston: WGBH.
  33. ISBN 9780297860709
    .
  34. ISBN 9780313365270
    .
  35. ISBN 9780786403226
    .
  36. ^ a b c d e Clothier & al. (2005), p. 6.
  37. ^ "History of Shoemaking in Britain—The 20th Century", Heart & Sole: Boot and Shoe Making in Staffordshire, Shugborough: Staffordshire County Museum, 9 December 2010, archived from the original on 19 February 2014, retrieved 3 July 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).
  38. ^ Clothier & al. (2005), p. 11.
  39. ^ Clothier & al. (2005), p. 30.
  40. ^ Clothier, Anthony; et al. (21 September 2005), The Chinese Footwear Industry and Its Influence upon the World Trade (PDF), 15th Meeting of the UNIDO Leather Panel, Leo/n: United National Industrial Development Organization, p. 5.
  41. ^ "Footwear", Observatory of Economic Complexity, Cambridge: Datawheel, 2023.
  42. ^ Smith, P. (2022), "Leading 10 Global Footwear Exporters 2021 by Country", Official site, New York: Statista.
  43. ^ OEC (2023).
  44. ^ "The Fascinating History Of Footwear". All That Is Interesting. 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  45. ^ "What materials are used to make Nike shoes?". Reference. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  46. ^ Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry (European Commission) (2012). In-depth assessment of the situation of the European footwear sector and prospects for its future development (Report). NB-01-14-255-EN-N. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  47. ^ "Footwear Industry Statistics". www.statisticbrain.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  48. ^ "Shoe & Footwear Manufacturing in the US Market Research – IBISWorld". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  49. ^ "Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective (Safety) Toe Cap Footwear". Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  50. ^ "ISO – ISO Standards – ISO/TC 216 – Footwear". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  51. ^
    OCLC 1255870591
    .
  52. ^ a b c Baxter Jr, E (2015). Complete Crime Scene Investigation Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 284–285.

Further reading
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