Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja

Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja
Born	1 January 1803 Florence, Italy
Died	28 September 1869(1869-09-28) (aged 66) Fiesole, Italy
Nationality	Italian
Education	Degree in mathematics (1820)
Alma mater	University of Pisa
Occupation	Professor of mathematics
Known for	Book and manuscript theft

Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja (1 January 1803 – 28 September 1869) was an Italian count and mathematician, who became known for his love and subsequent theft of ancient and precious manuscripts.^[1] After being appointed the Inspector of Libraries in France, Libri began stealing the books he was responsible for. He fled to England when the theft was discovered, along with 30,000 books and manuscripts inside 18 trunks. In France, he was sentenced to 10 years in jail in absentia; some of the stolen works were returned when he died, but many remained missing.

Life

In Italy

He was born on

.

In 1823, at the age of 20, he was appointed Professor of Mathematical Physics at Pisa, but did not relish teaching and the following year went on sabbatical leave, travelling to Paris. There, he became friends with many of the most prominent French mathematicians of the day, including Germain,^[2] Laplace, Poisson, Ampère, Fourier and Arago. Upon his return to Italy, he became involved in politics, conspiring with the secret society of the Carbonari to advocate a liberal constitution in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Faced with arrest and prosecution, he fled to France

In France

In 1833, he became a French citizen. His friend Arago, the secretary of the

.

Although his friendship with Arago helped him obtain some of these prestigious posts, eventually their relationship went sour and by 1835 they had become bitter enemies. Another prominent mathematician with a dim view of Libri was Liouville; the two would attack each other at every opportunity in meetings of the Academy and Liouville expressed his poor opinion of Libri's personality and of his mathematical capacities in his correspondance.^[3]

Between 1838 and 1841 Count Libri wrote and published a four-volume "History of the Mathematical Sciences in Italy from the Renaissance of literature to the 17th Century".

.

In 1841, Libri obtained an appointment as Chief Inspector of French Libraries through his friendship with the influential French Chief of Police

by stealing them. Although suspected, he was not investigated or charged. Abusing his privileges and pretending poor health (coughing, dressed in a big cape in all weathers), he managed to spend time alone in the archives of libraries across the country. There he 'borrowed' items which were never returned.

In 1842, he stole the Ashburnham Pentateuch at the Library of Tours. Thanks to the blind confidence of the canon Hyacinthe Olivier-Vitalis, he seized at the Inguimbertine library of Carpentras numerous documents such as the " Works of Théocrite and Hésiode " (Venice, Alde, 1495) or 72 of 75 letters of Descartes to Father Mersenne (between 1837 and 1847). He did not, occasionally, hesitate to mutilate certain manuscripts: five volumes of the Peiresc fund and at least two thousand leaves so disappeared. In 1848, as France was involved in a liberal revolution and the government fell, a warrant was issued for Libri's arrest.

In England

However, he received a tip-off and fled to London, shipping 18 large trunks of books and manuscripts, about 30,000 items, before doing so. In London, he was assisted by

, and was able to convince many that his problems in France had arisen because he was an Italian, not because the allegations against him had any substance.

On 22 June 1850, he was, however, found guilty of theft by a French Court and sentenced

(1803–1870), argued in his favour and was prosecuted for this. Mérimée, the author among other stories and plays of "Carmen", had been convinced of Libri's innocence when the Count had told him that the missing French books and manuscripts must have been forgeries since the ones he had were the originals.

Although Libri had arrived in England with nothing but his books and manuscripts, he led a good life and acted the part of society lion. His money came from selling his books. Two large sales held in 1861 reputedly netted him over a million francs; this at a time when the average daily wage for a workman was about four francs.

Return to Italy, death and aftermath

In 1868, when his health started to deteriorate, Libri returned to Florence and died in Fiesole, Italy on 28 September 1869.

Fate of the stolen manuscripts

Some 2,000 manuscripts which Libri had stolen in Italy and sold in London to

The letter had been donated by the widow of a college alumnus in 1902, and was discovered only after a philosopher from Utrecht University in the Netherlands read about it on the Internet, and contacted the college to tell them what they had in their library; the existence of the letter had been known to philosophers, but not its contents. The letter was written by Descartes to Father Marin Mersenne who had been overseeing the publication of Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy.^[1]

References

Bibliography

• Andrea Del Centina, Alessandra Fiocca, Guglielmo Libri, matematico e storico della matematica. L'irresitibile ascesa dall Ateneo pisano all Institut de France (Firenze, Olschki, 2010).
• P. Allessandra Maccioni Ruju, Marco Mostert, "The Life and Times of Guglielmo Libri (1802-1869). Scientist, patriot, scholar, journalist and thief. A nineteenth-century story". Verloren Publishers, 1995 (
  ISBN 9065503846
  ).

External links

• Count Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja at the School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland.