André-Marie Ampère

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For the microarchitecture, see Ampere (microarchitecture).

André-Marie Ampère
École Polytechnique
Signature
Articles about
Electromagnetism
Solenoid
Electrostatics
Magnetostatics
Electrodynamics
Electrical network
Magnetic circuit
Covariant formulation
Scientists

André-Marie Ampère (UK: /ˈɒ̃pɛər, ˈæmpɛər/, US: /ˈæmpɪər/,[1] French: [ɑ̃dʁe maʁi ɑ̃pɛʁ]; 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836)[2] was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as "electrodynamics". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph. As an autodidact, Ampère was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and professor at the École polytechnique and the Collège de France.

The

Greek κίνημα kinema ("movement, motion"), itself derived from κινεῖν kinein ("to move").[4][5]

Early life

André-Marie Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 in Lyon to Jean-Jacques Ampère, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières-Sarcey Ampère, during the height of the

Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon's Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière (begun in 1749) and Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie (volumes added between 1751 and 1772) thus became Ampère's schoolmasters.[citation needed] The young Ampère, however, soon resumed his Latin lessons, which enabled him to master the works of Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli.[7]

French Revolution

In addition, Ampère used his access to the latest books to begin teaching himself advanced mathematics at age 12. In later life Ampère claimed that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew, but as a

Jacobin purges
of the period.

In 1796, Ampère met Julie Carron and, in 1799, they were married. Ampère took his first regular job in 1799 as a

Paris Academy of Sciences
in 1803.

Teaching career

Essai sur la philosophie des sciences

After the death of his wife in July 1803,

École Polytechnique in 1804. Despite his lack of formal qualifications, Ampère was appointed a professor of mathematics at the school in 1809. As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France
. In 1814, Ampère was invited to join the class of mathematicians in the new Institut Impérial, the umbrella under which the reformed state Academy of Sciences would sit.

Ampère engaged in a diverse array of scientific inquiries during the years leading up to his election to the academy—writing papers and engaging in topics from mathematics and philosophy to chemistry and astronomy, which was customary among the leading scientific intellectuals of the day. Ampère claimed that "at eighteen years he found three culminating points in his life, his

Fathers of the Church."[11]

A lay

Conference of Charity, later known as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul.[citation needed] Ozanam would much later be beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1998. Through Ampère, Ozanam had contact with leaders of the neo-Catholic movement, such as François-René de Chateaubriand, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, and Charles Forbes René de Montalembert. [citation needed
]

Work in electromagnetism

In September 1820, Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist

Charles Augustin de Coulomb
's law of electric action. Ampère's devotion to, and skill with, experimental techniques anchored his science within the emerging fields of experimental physics.

Ampère also provided a physical understanding of the electromagnetic relationship, theorizing the existence of an "electrodynamic molecule" (the forerunner of the idea of the electron) that served as the component element of both electricity and magnetism. Using this physical explanation of electromagnetic motion, Ampère developed a physical account of electromagnetic phenomena that was both empirically demonstrable and mathematically predictive. Almost 100 years later, in 1915, Albert Einstein together with Wander Johannes de Haas made the proof of the correctness of Ampère's hypothesis through the Einstein–de Haas effect. In 1827, Ampère published his magnum opus, Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l'experience (Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience), the work that coined the name of his new science, electrodynamics, and became known ever after as its founding treatise.

In 1827, Ampère was elected a

Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism named Ampère "the Newton of electricity".[citation needed
]

Honours

Legacy

An international convention, signed at the 1881

ampere as one of the standard units of electrical measurement, in recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science and along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, watt and farad, which are named, respectively, after Ampère's contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, James Watt of Scotland and Michael Faraday of England. Ampère's name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower
.

Many streets and squares are named after Ampère, as are schools, a Lyon metro station, a graphics processing unit microarchitecture, a mountain on the moon and an electric ferry in Norway.[14]

Writings

Partial translations:

  • Magie, W.M. (1963). A Source Book in Physics. Harvard: Cambridge MA. pp. 446–460.
  • Lisa M. Dolling; Arthur F. Gianelli; Glenn N. Statile, eds. (2003). The Tests of Time: Readings in the Development of Physical Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 157–162.
    ISBN 978-0691090856
    .    .

Complete translations:

References

  1. ^ "Ampère". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ISBN 9780684101149
    .
  3. ^ Ampère, André-Marie (1834). Essai sur la Philosophie des Sciences. Chez Bachelier.
  4. ^ Merz, John (1903). A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century. Blackwood, London. pp. 5.
  5. ISBN 0-486-66346-9
    .
  6. ^ "Andre-Marie Ampere". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  7. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ampère, André Marie". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 878–879.
  8. ^ "Biography of Andre Marie Ampere". Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  9. ^ Ampère married again after his much loved first wife died, but his second marriage was very unhappy and ended in divorce.
  10. ^ Laidler, Keith J. (1993). To Light such a Candle. Oxford University Press. p. 128.
  11. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia". Retrieved 29 December 2007.
  12. ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
  13. ^ Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769–2005) p. 15
  14. ^ "Batterifergen har måttet stå over avganger. Nå er løsningen klar". Teknisk Ukeblad. November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.

Further reading

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