Gynandromorphism

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Athyma inara
inara
Gynandromorph of the common blue butterfly (Polyommatus icarus)
Heteropteryx dilatata
Crocothemis servilia

A gynandromorph is an organism that contains both male and female characteristics. The term comes from the Greek γυνή (gynē) 'female', ἀνήρ (anēr) 'male', and μορφή (morphē) 'form', and is used mainly in the field of entomology. Gynandromorphism is most frequently recognized in organisms that have strong sexual dimorphism such as certain butterflies, spiders, and birds, but has been recognized in numerous other types of organisms.

Occurrence

Gynandromorphism has been noted in

Nearctic, indicating that it likely is underreported in parts of the world that are not as biologically well-studied.[23]

Pattern of distribution of male and female tissues in a single organism

A gynandromorph can have

bilateral symmetry—one side female and one side male.[24] Alternatively, the distribution of male and female tissue can be more haphazard. Bilateral gynandromorphy arises very early in development, typically when the organism has between 8 and 64 cells.[25] Later stages produce a more random pattern.[citation needed
]

A notable example in birds is the zebra finch. These birds have lateralised brain structures in the face of a common steroid signal, providing strong evidence for a non-hormonal primary sex mechanism regulating brain differentiation.[26]

  • Normal female of Papilio androgeus
    Normal female of Papilio androgeus
  • Mosaic gynandromorph of Papilio androgeus
    Mosaic gynandromorph of Papilio androgeus
  • Normal male of Papilio androgeus
    Normal male of Papilio androgeus

Causes

The cause of this phenomenon is typically (but not always) an event in mitosis during early development. While the organism contains only a few cells, one of the dividing cells does not split its sex chromosomes typically. This leads to one of the two cells having sex chromosomes that cause male development and the other cell having chromosomes that cause female development. For example, an XY cell undergoing mitosis duplicates its chromosomes, becoming XXYY. Usually this cell would divide into two XY cells, but in rare occasions the cell may divide into an X cell and an XYY cell. If this happens early in development, then a large portion of the cells are X and a large portion are XYY. Since X and XYY dictate different sexes, the organism has tissue that is female and tissue that is male.[27]

A developmental network theory of how gynandromorphs develop from a single cell based on a

chromosomes was proposed in 2012.[28] The major types of gynandromorphs, bilateral, polar and oblique are computationally modeled. Many other possible gynandromorph combinations are computationally modeled, including predicted morphologies yet to be discovered. The article relates gynandromorph developmental control networks to how species may form. The models are based on a computational model of bilateral symmetry.[29]

As a research tool

Gynandromorphs occasionally afford a powerful tool in genetic, developmental, and behavioral analyses. In Drosophila melanogaster, for instance, they provided evidence that male courtship behavior originates in the brain,[30] that males can distinguish conspecific females from males by the scent or some other characteristic of the posterior, dorsal, integument of females,[31][32] that the germ cells originate in the posterior-most region of the blastoderm,[33] and that somatic components of the gonads originate in the mesodermal region of the fourth and fifth abdominal segment.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rudolphi, Karl Asmund (1828). "Beschreibung einer seltenen menschlichen Zwitterbildung nebst vorangeschickten allgemeinen Bemerkungen über Zwitter-Thiere". Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (in German): 45–69.
  2. ^ Packard, Alpheus Spring (1875). "On Gynandromorphism in the Lepidoptera". Memoirs Read Before the Boston Society of Natural History. 2: 409–412.
  3. ^ Pavid, Katie. "Beauty of the dual-gender butterfly". Natural History Museum. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
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  10. ^ Donisthorpe, Horace (1929). "Gynandromorphism in ants" (PDF). Zoologischer Anzeiger. 82: 92–96.
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  19. ^ Gouldian finch Erythrura gouldiae Gynandromorph Archived 2006-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Powdermill Banding Fall 2004 Archived 2006-12-31 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ A Gender-bender Colored Cardinal, by Tim Wall, Discovery News, 31 May 2011 [1] Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Half-cock chicken mystery solved". BBC News. 11 March 2010.
  23. doi:10.1080/24750263.2023.2231000
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  24. ^ Ian Sample, science correspondent (12 July 2011). "Half male, half female butterfly steals the show at Natural History Museum". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  25. ^ Malmquist, David (June 15, 2005). "Rare crab may hold genetic secrets". Virginia Institute of Marine Science.
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  27. ^ Adams, James K. "Gynandromorphs". Department of Natural Sciences, Dalton State College. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2005-06-29.
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  29. arXiv:1207.3289 [q-bio.TO
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  30. S2CID 4181921.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
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  33. S2CID 4146956
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  34. PMID 1425338.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gynandromorphs.
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