Rose-breasted grosbeak

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Rose-breasted grosbeak
Adult female

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Cardinalidae
Genus: Pheucticus
Species:
P. ludovicianus
Binomial name
Pheucticus ludovicianus
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Range in northern America:
  Breeding range
  Migration only range
  Wintering range
Synonyms
  • Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus, 1766
  • Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linnaeus, 1766)
immature male, Honduras
Pheucticus ludovicianus - Rose-breasted Grosbeak

The rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), colloquially called "cut-throat" due to its coloration,[2][3] is a large, seed-eating grosbeak in the cardinal family (Cardinalidae). It is primarily a foliage gleaner.[4] Males have black heads, wings, backs, and tails, and a bright rose colored patch on their white breast. Males and females exhibit marked sexual dimorphism.

Breeding habitat consists of cool-

tropical America
in winter. Rose-breasted grosbeaks have an average maximum lifespan of 7.3 years in the wild, and up to 24 years in captivity. Death in the wild is generally due to collision with objects (buildings, cars, etc.) and predation, to eggs, nestlings and adults.

Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist

monotypic.[9]

The genus name Pheucticus is from Ancient Greek φευκτικός - pheuktikós, "shy", from φεύγω - pheúgo, "to flee", and the specific ludovicianus is from Neo-Latin and refers to Louisiana.[10]

Description

Immature male
Two males at feeder

Adult birds are 18–22 cm (7.1–8.7 in) long, span 29–33 cm (11–13 in) across the wings and weigh 35–65 g (1.2–2.3 oz).[11][12] Grosbeaks measured during migration in the West Indies averaged 43 g (1.5 oz), while those banded in Pennsylvania average about 45 g (1.6 oz).[13][14] Very little sexual dimorphism in size is seen; females were found to be marginally smaller in standard measurements, but in some seasons were marginally heavier than males when banded in Pennsylvania.[14][15][16] At all ages and in both sexes, the beak is dusky horn-colored, and the feet and eyes are dark.[17]

The adult male in breeding plumage has a black head, wings, back, and tail, and a bright rose-red patch on its breast; the wings have two white patches and rose-red linings. Its underside and rump are white. Males in nonbreeding plumage have largely white underparts,

remiges
are also white. The coloration renders the adult male rose-breasted grosbeak (even while wintering) unmistakable if seen well.

The adult female has dark grey-brown upperparts – darker on wings and tail – a white supercilium, a

buff stripe along the top of the head, and black-streaked white underparts, which except in the center of the belly have a buff tinge. The wing linings are yellowish, and on the upperwing are two white patches like in the summer male. Immatures are similar, but with pink wing-linings and less prominent streaks and usually a pinkish-buff hue on the throat and breast. At one year of age—in their first breeding season—males are scaly above like fully adult males in winter plumage, and still retain the immature's browner wings. Unlike males, females can easily be confused with the black-headed grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus) where their ranges overlap in the central United States and south-central Canada. The rose-breasted grosbeak female has slightly darker brown markings on the underside, paler rather yellowish streaking on both the head and wings and paler, pinkish (rather than bi-colored) bill when compared to the female black-headed grosbeak.[18] A potential confusion species also is the female purple finch (Haemorhous purpureus), but that species is noticeably smaller with a less robust bill and a notched tail.[19]

The song is a subdued mellow warbling, resembling a more refined, sweeter version of the American robin's (Turdus migratorius). Males start singing early, occasionally even when still in winter quarters. The call is a sharp pink or pick, somewhat reminiscent of a woodpecker call.

Distribution and habitat

The rose-breasted grosbeak's breeding

above mean sea level in Costa Rica.[20][21] Since 1966 the rose-breasted grosbeak has experienced a greater than 1.5% yearly decline in population throughout the eastern part of its summer range, but a coincident >1.5% yearly increase in western parts of its summer range.[22]

Migration

The first birds leave the breeding grounds as early as August, while the last ones do not return until mid-late May. In general, however, they migrate south in late September or in October, and return in late April or early May. It appears as if they remain on their breeding grounds longer today than they did in the early 20th century, when migrants were more commonly seen in May and August than in April or September. The rose-breasted grosbeak occurs as a very rare vagrant in western Europe.[23] During breeding it is fairly territorial; in winter, it roams the lands in groups of about a handful of birds, and sometimes in larger flocks of a dozen or more.

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Rose-breasted grosbeaks were the only one of 70 migratory songbird species in the eastern United States shown in males to have produced sperm while still far south of their breeding location.[24] Male grosbeaks tend to arrive a few days to a week before the females and pair formation apparently occurs on the breeding grounds.[25] Nest building begins from as early as early May in Tennessee to as late as early June further north in Saskatchewan.[26][27] Egg laying may occur anytime from mid-May to mid-July, as has been recorded in Quebec.[28] Usually only a single brood is laid by these grosbeaks each summer but second broods are suspected in Canada and confirmed in semi-captivity.[29][30] Both the male and the female apparently participate in selecting and building the nest, which is on a tree branch, over vines or any elevated woody vegetation.[31] Nests have been recorded at 0.8 to 16.7 m (2.6 to 54.8 ft) off the ground, averaging 6 m (20 ft) high, almost always in the vicinity of openings in woodlands.[32] Nests are typical of many passerines in both construct, material and size, made from leaves, twigs, rootlets or hair.[33] Clutches are from 1 to 5 eggs, normally being 3–4, being pale blue to green with purplish to brownish red spotting.[34] Males do a third of the incubation roughly, the female doing the remaining amount, and incubation can last from 11 to 14 days.[30] Nestlings are 5 g (0.18 oz) at hatching and after 3–6 days of age, they gain at least 3 g (0.11 oz) each day.[29] The young grosbeaks typically fledge at 9–13 days of age and are independent of their parents after approximately 3 weeks.[29][32]

Longevity and mortality

Maximum lifespan recorded for a wild rose-breasted grosbeak was 12 years, 11 months.

eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio)[44] and short-eared owls (Asio flammeus).[45]

Diet

The rose-breasted grosbeak forages in shrubs or trees for insects,

corn (Zea mays), oats (Avena sativa) and wheat (Triticum vulgare); and the remaining 6.5% by other plant material, including tree buds and flowers.[47]

Status

Fires are necessary to maintain many kinds of grassland (see

IUCN.[1][49][50][51] Its average maximum lifespan in the wild is 7.3 years.[52]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723813A132168899.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Wyatt, Valerie E.; Francis, Charles M. (2020-03-04). "Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus)". Birds of the World.
  3. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak". American Bird Conservancy. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  4. ^ "Rose-breasted grosbeak: Life History". All About Birds.
  5. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 247–249, Plate 12 fig 2. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
  6. ^
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  7. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 306.
  8. ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1850). Avium Systema Naturale. Das natürliche System der Vögel. Dresden: Expedition der Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte. Plate 78.
  9. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  10. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
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  11. ^ Rose-breasted Grosbeak, All about Birds
  12. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5
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  13. ^ Faaborg, J. R. and J. W. Terborgh. 1980. Patterns of migration in the West Indies. in Migrant birds in the Neotropics: ecological, behavior, distribution and conservation. (Keast, A. and E. S. Morton, Eds.) Smithson. Inst. Press, Washington, D.C.
  14. ^ a b Clench, M. H. and R. C. Leberman. 1978. Weights of 151 species of Pennsylvania birds analyzed by month, age, and sex. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 5.
  15. ^ Godfrey, W. E. 1986. The birds of Canada. Rev. ed. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. Ottawa, ON.
  16. ^ Pyle, P. 1997. Identification guide to North American birds. Pt. 1: Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA.
  17. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F. & Meister, Charles A. (1981). "Winter field notes and specimen weights of Cayman Island Birds" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 101 (3): 339–346.
  18. ^ Morlan, J. 1991. Identification of female Rose-breasted and Black-headed grosbeaks. Birding 23:220-223.
  19. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak- Identification". All About Birds- The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  20. ^ Olson et al. (1981), Stiles & Skutch (1989), Hilty (2003)
  21. ^ Laverde-R., Oscar; Stiles, F. Gary & Múnera-R., Claudia (2005). "Nuevos registros e inventario de la avifauna de la Serranía de las Quinchas, un área importante para la conservación de las aves (AICA) en Colombia" [New records and updated inventory of the avifauna of the Serranía de las Quinchas, an important bird area (IBA) in Colombia] (PDF). Caldasia (in Spanish and English). 27 (2): 247–265.
  22. ^ "Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus - BBS Trend Map, 1966 - 2015". USGS. US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  23. ^ Henninger (1906), OOS (2004)
  24. ^ Quay, W. B. 1985. Cloacal sperm in spring migrants: occurrence and interpretation. Condor 87:273–280.
  25. ^ Dunham, D. W. 1966. Territorial and sexual behavior in the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus. Z. Tierpsychol. 23:438–451.
  26. ^ Nicholson, C. P. 1997. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Pages 325–327 in Atlas of the breeding birds of Tennessee. (Nicholson, C. P., Ed.) Univ. of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  27. ^ Macoun, J., and J. M. Macoun. 1909. Catalogue of Canadian birds. Dep. Mines, Geol. Surv. Branch, Ottawa, ON.
  28. ^ Pelletier, R., and D. Dauphin. 1996. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Pages 954–957 in The breeding birds of Quebec: atlas of the breeding birds of southern Québec. (Gauthier, J., and Y. Aubry, Eds.) Assoc. québecoise des groupes d'ornithologues, Prov. of Quebec Soc. for the protection of birds, Can. Wildl. Serv., Environ. Canada, Québec Region, Montréal.
  29. ^ a b c Watts, G. E. 1935. Life history of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Hedymeles ludoviciana). Master's Thesis. Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY.
  30. ^ a b Peck, G. K., and R. D. James. 1998. Breeding birds of Ontario: nidiology and distribution: passerines (1st rev.-pt. C: tanagers to Old World sparrows). Ont. Birds 16:111–127.
  31. ^ Roberts, T. S. 1932. The birds of Minnesota. Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
  32. ^ a b Scott, D. M. 1998. Laying hours and other nesting data of Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. Ont. Birds 16:88–93.
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  34. ^ Best, L. B., and D. F. Stauffer. 1980. Factors affecting nesting success in riparian bird communities. Condor 82:149–157.
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  36. ^ Bent, A. C. 1968. "Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows and allies: Order Passeriformes, Family Fringillidae". U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 237.
  37. ^ Friesen, L. E., M. D. Cadman, and R. J. Mackay. 1999. "Nesting success of Neotropical migrant songbirds in a highly fragmented landscape". Conserv. Biol. 13:338-346.
  38. ^ Terrill, L. M. 1961. Cowbird hosts in southern Quebec. Can. Field-Nat. 75:2-11.
  39. ^ a b Wyatt, Valerie E. and Charles M. Francis. 2002. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: [1].
  40. ^ Baird, J. 1964. Hostile displays of Rose-breasted Grosbeak towards a red squirrel. Wilson Bull. 76:286-289.
  41. ^ Meng, H. (1959). Food habits of nesting Cooper's Hawks and Goshawks in New York and Pennsylvania. The Wilson Bulletin. 169–174.
  42. ^ Ivor, H. R. 1944. Bird study and semi-captive birds: the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. The Wilson Bulletin 56:91-104.
  43. ^ Barnard, P., MacWhirter, B., Simmons, R., Hansen, G. L., & Smith, P. C. (1987). Timing of breeding and the seasonal importance of passerine prey to northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65(8), 1942-1946.
  44. ^ VanCamp, L. F., & Henny, C. J. (1975). The screech owl: its life history and population ecology in northern Ohio. North American Fauna, 1-65.
  45. ^ Holt, D. W. (1993). Breeding season diet of Short-eared Owls in Massachusetts. The Wilson Bulletin, 490–496.
  46. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554
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  47. ^ Mcatee, W. L. 1908. Food habits of the grosbeaks. U.S. Dep. Agric. Biol. Surv. Bull. 32.
  48. ^ palpago is a lapsus in Rhymer & Simberloff (1996).
  49. Wilson Bulletin
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  51. ^ Ohio Ornithological Society (OOS) (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived 2004-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x
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External links

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