Helotiales
Helotiales | |
---|---|
Chlorociboria (Chlorociboriaceae) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Ascomycota |
Class: | Leotiomycetes |
Subclass: | Leotiomycetidae |
Order: | Helotiales Nannf. ex Korf & Lizon (2000) |
Families | |
See text |
Helotiales is an order of the class Leotiomycetes within the division Ascomycota.[1] The taxonomy within Helotiales has been debated. It has expanded significantly as genomic techniques for taxonomical identification have become more commonly used. As of February 2020[update], the order is estimated to contain 30 accepted families, 519 genera, and 6266 species.[2]
Helotiales is the largest order of non-stromatic discomycetes that usually, but not always, have brightly coloured apothecia. Many members of the family have obviously cup-shaped ascomata with little or no stipes. They are usually found fruiting on coarse or large wood debris as well as on other organic matter. Part of these discomycetes are limited to a specific host range, this goes as far as to not just being limited to one particular plant, additionally some species need a particular part of that plant.[3]
Description
- Helotiales is distinguished by its disc or cup-shaped apothecia.
- Its asci are only slightly thickened in contrast to other Leotiomycetes
- Most Helotiales species live as saprobes on soil humus, dead logs, manure and other organic matter.
- The order includes most fungi that engage in ericoid mycorrhiza, including Rhizoscyphus ericae, Meliniomyces species and Cairneyella variabilis.
- The order contains some of the most severe plant Sclerotium cepivorum (soft rot of onions) and Botrytis cinerea.
Families
- Amicodiscaceae
- Arachnopezizaceae
- Bryoglossaceae
- Cenangiaceae
- Chlorociboriaceae[3][4][5]
- Chlorospleniaceae
- Chrysodiscaceae
- Dermateaceae
- Discinellaceae
- Drepanopezizaceae
- Gelatinodiscaceae
- Godroniaceae
- Hamatocanthoscyphaceae
- Helotiaceae
- Heterosphaeriaceae
- Hyaloscyphaceae
- Hydrocinaceae
- Lachnaceae
- Loramycetaceae
- Mitrulaceae
- Mollisiaceae
- Neolauriomycetaceae
- Pleuroascaceae
- Ploettnerulaceae
- Rutstroemiaceae
- Sclerotiniaceae[6]
- Solenopeziaceae
- Tympanidaceae
- Vibrisseaceae[7]
Disputed or previously included families
- Amorphothecaceae - Kirk (2008) assigned to Helotiales, but reclassified under order Erysiphales.[8][9]
- Ascocorticiaceae - reclassified under order Medeolariales[10]
- Hemiphacidiaceae - Merged with Cenangiaceae in the 2010s.[11]
- Phacidiaceae (also known as Bulgariaceae) - reclassified under order Phacidiales[12]
- Vandijckellaceae - identified by Crous et al. (2017), not widely accepted.[13]
-
Green Elfcup or Green Wood Cup Chlorociboria aeruginascens, family: Chlorociboriaceae
(photo: Holger Krisp) -
Ascocoryne, family: Helotiaceae
-
Mollisia benesuada, family: Dermateaceae
-
Bisporella citrina, family: Helotiaceae
-
Arachnopeziza aurata, family: Hyaloscyphaceae
-
Brown oak disk cup Rutstroemia firma, family: Rutstroemiaceae
(photo: Holger Krisp) -
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis conidiophores,Sclerotinaceae
See also
References
- ^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from the original on 2009-03-18.
- . Retrieved 2022-03-30.
- ^ a b "Helotiales: The non-stromatic Cup Funghi". Mycologywebpages New Brunswick Museum. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
- ^ Kuo M (2004). "Chlorociboria aeruginascens & C. aeruginosa". Retrieved 29 August 2009.
- PMID 34025144.
- PMID 21646174.
- ^ Korf RP (1990). "Discomycete systematics today: a look at some unanswered questions in a group of unitunicate ascomycetes". Mycosystema. 3: 19–27.
- ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ "Amorphothecaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
- S2CID 235849988
- S2CID 256067853.
- PMID 25734027.
- PMID 29503478.
- ^ "Vibrissea truncorum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. (335788)". Mushroom Observer. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
External links
- Media related to Helotiaceae at Wikimedia Commons