Henrik Kalteisen
Henrik Kalteisen | |
---|---|
Roman Catholic | |
Archdiocese | Nidaros |
Appointed | 28 Feb 1452 |
Term ended | 1458 |
Predecessor | Aslak Bolt |
Successor | Olav Trondsson |
Personal details | |
Born | c. 1390 |
Died | 2 October 1464 | (aged 73–74)
Residence | Archbishop's Palace, Nidaros |
Henrik Kalteisen or Heinrich Kalteisen,
Background
The exact date of birth and parents of Heinrich Kalteisen are not known but he was probably from Koblenz in the
Kalteisen was a counselor for
The Archbishop
After the death of Archbishop
In the summer of 1452 Kalteisen travelled to first Copenhagen and then Bergen. In Copenhagen, he was welcomed by the King. But, as soon as Kalteisen was gone, Christian I declared in his letters that he would not accept him as the Archbishop of Nidaros. Calling him "irreligious", he considered the rumors of his holiness and education to be exaggerated.[8] Meanwhile, in Bergen, Kalteisen spent the winter of 1452 and 1453 administrating his new archbisphoric. Most of his time was spent on numerous legal issues of the church in Norway and the parish business from Iceland, where he was known as Hinrik Kaldajárn in Icelandic. On the morning of Pentecost Sunday, 20 May 1453, he was solemnly consecrated in Nidaros. He was well received by the Cathedral Chapter there but a couple of Norwegian monasteries did not wish to be under his jurisdiction.[9]
As it happened, the new archbishop lasted for only a few months in Nidaros; he neglected his new home, calling it a "barn". At that time, a war between Denmark and Sweden was brewing. On his way to Trondheim for the consecration, the Archbishop and his companions were attacked on 25 April 1453 by the Swededish-Norwegian, Ørjan Karlson,[note 2] and his troops. The Archbishop and his men were able to fight them off. Ørjan and his men fled afterwards to his native Jämtland. It is believed that the King of Sweden, Knut Knutsson, was behind this attack.[10] Therefore, after the consecration, Kalteisen moved to Bergen for safety.
Nevertheless, Kalteisen tried to take the initiative with plans to inspect not just the Cathedral Chapter but the whole Archdiocese. His copybooks showed that he invested a lot of effort in familiarizing himself with the circumstances of his Archdiocese. He made a number of decisions in ecclesiastical law but he found the time to write a little history of the diocese of the Faroe Islands. He was also planning to build the new cathedral in Nidaros.
The Opposition
Meanwhile, Marcellus had regained the confidence of the King and accused Kalteisen of incompetence in the office. So Christian I invited Kalteisen to come to Bergen for the arbitration, which turned into a violent altercation with Marcellus. Kalteisen invoked the authority of the Pope, while Marcellus took for the decrees of the Council of Basel and the privileges of the Norwegian Church for his own claim. In the end, the matter was referred to Pope Nicholas V. The King brought to the Riksråd of Norway the letter, in which he exaggerated the problems with the establishment of Kalteisen as the archbishop. He wrote that the Archbishop could not connect with the people and could not speak their language and threatened to close down the Norwegian Church, adding that the Archbishop's accusations against Marcellus were unfounded.[11] However, it is not certain that the letter to the Pope was actually sent but the King's intentions were clear. In his letter to King Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples, Christian I wrote that he was thinking of converting to the Russian Orthodox Church.[12] He did not convert but, in the end, he was able to turn the Norwegian Riksrad and most of the Cathedral Chapter against the Archbishop. The Cathedral Chapter itself wrote to the Pope that Kalteisen had become so unpopular in Trondheim that he had to be rescued from physical abuse by the King's officers.[8]
But Kalteisen refused to put his position to the mercy of the King. He did agree to go to Rome and ask the Pope but he did not leave immediately. In the winter of 1453 and 1454, he was still in Norway, living in Marstrand (which did not become Swedish until 1658). In the summer of 1454 he went back to Copenhagen, where he had to appear before the Royal Council to account for his administration. He was put under enormous pressure to resign not only his office but also to propose to the Pope that he should return to Norway as the Papal legate and negotiate on his behalf the compensation for Marcellus. So Kalteisen personally went back to Rome and asked the Pope for the permission to resign. He told him that he had not been useful to the Church in Norway. He could not speak the Norwegian language and adapt to the Norwegian ways of everyday life, and his health was also suffering. The Pope refused the request but he sent him as a Kreuzzugsprediger [ German, "crusade preacher" ] with the rank of Papal legate to Germany to encourage a crusade against the Ottoman Turks.
Resignation and Last Years
In 1456 King Christian complained to the new Pope,
In 1463 Kalteisen returned to the now destroyed Dominican monastery[note 3] in Koblenz, where he died in the following year, on 2 October 1464. He was buried in the monastery church in front of the altar of St. Olav, which he himself had installed.
Notes
- Franciscan friar from Nievern ( 5 miles or 7 kilometers southeast of Koblenz ), Marcellus kept getting arrested and escaping from prison all over northern Germany. Rumors of his misdeeds were even heard at the Council of Basel but he managed to make friends and allies in the high places. One of them was Christian I. He remained loyal to Marcellus until 1568, when Pius IIwas elected as the new Pope, Christian realized that Marcellus had become a political liability. So Marcellus was dropped and a few years later, in 1462, he drowned off the Swedish coast. See Jensen, Denmark and the Crusades, pages 70-73; Lindbæk, Pavernes Forhold, pages 13-53; and Willson, Church of Norway, pages 280-285 for more details. Lindbæk, the Danish historian, even labelled the first 12 years of Christian I's reign as "Marcellus's Time" because he believed that Marcellus directed all the policies of the King towards the Catholic Church.
- Danzig, but the Castle fell in the Midsummer Siege to the Danes and he was captured and tortured. He was released. But in 1463 he was back in jail, with the Archbishop of Uppsala, Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, for company, on the charges of conspiracy against King Christian I of Denmarkand Norway. The subsequent rebellion by the Archbishop's relatives saved their lives, and Ørjan was out and back in Jämtland by 1469. He lived out his life in retirement but one source claims that he was killed by the Swedes and buried in Norway.
- Thirty Years War, the Napoleonic Wars and World War II but it did not survive the bulldozers in 1955. Only the gate, built in 1754, remains. See (in German) Harald Rausch, "Das Ende der Weißergasse", PAPOO, posted 2 Feb 2011, and (in German) Reinhard Schmid, "Koblenz - Dominikanerkloster", Klöster und Stifte in Rheinland-Pfalz [ Monasteries and Churches in Rhineland-Palatinate ] for more details.
References
- ^ a b c Werner, "Kalteisen, Heinrich", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band 15, page 41
- ^ According to Gierths in NDB. According to Dybdahl in NBL, Kalteisen left in 1432 but, according to Werner in ADB, he was participating since 1431
- ^ Pastor, Ludwig Freiherr von (1902). History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages, Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources. Herder. p. 243.
- ^ "Prefecture of the Papal Household". GCatholic. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
- ^ See Bugge, Henrik Kalteisens kopibog for more details.
- ^ Diplomatarium Norvegicum [ Latin, "Diplomas of Norway" ] ( DN ), Volume I, No. 814.
- ^ DN, Volume XVII, No. 1034.
- ^ a b Jensen, Denmark and the Crusades, page 72.
- ^ Hamre, Unionstiden, page 480; Martinsen, "Henrik Kalteisen (1450–1458)".
- ^ (in Norwegian) Oscar Albert Johnsen, [Nils] Oluf Kolsrud and Absalon Taranger, Kirkens lovgivning 1448-1482. Norges gamle love, anden række, 1388-1604 [ Legislation of the Church, 1448–1482: Norway's Old Laws, Second Issue, 1388–1604 ] ( Christiania ( now Oslo ) : Grøndahl & Søn Forlag, 1918 ), page 77 with references to the Copybook of Archbishop Henrik Kalteisen.
- ^ DN, Volume III, No. 824.
- ^ DN, Volume XVII, No. 1008.
- ^ DN, Volume XVII, No. 1041. The murder had nothing to do with Kalteisen. It was the reaction of the Hanseatic League to the Norwegian privateering against the Hanseatic ships.
- ^ (in German) Markus Wesche, "Concilium Basileense – Konzil von Basel 1431–1449 [ Concilium Basileense – Council of Basel, 1431–1449 ]", (PDF; 1.3 MB Archived 2013-05-15 at the Wayback Machine ), 2010 Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters [ Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages ], page 57.
- ^ DN, Volume XVII, No. 629.
Bibliography
- (in Danish and Latin) Henrik Kalteisen, author, and Alexander Bugge, editor, Erkebiskop Henrik Kalteisens Kopibog [ Archbishop Henrik Kalteisen's Copybook ] ( Christiana ( now Oslo ) : Thronsen & Co. Bogtrykkeri [ Publications ], 1899 )
- (in Norwegian) Audun Dybdahl, "Henrik Kalteisen", in: Norsk biografisk leksikon [ Norwegian Biographical Dictionary ], retrieved 24 October 2011.
- (in German) Paul-Gundolf Gieraths, "Kalteisen, Heinrich" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie [ New German Biography ] ( NDB ), Band [ Volume ] 11 ( ISBN 3-428-00192-3, pages 71 ff. ( Digitalized )
- Janus Møller Jensen, Denmark and the Crusades: 1400 – 1650 ( ISBN 978-90-04-15579-4, pages 70ff.
- (in Danish) Joh[anne]s. [Peder] Lindbæk, Pavernes Forhold til Danmark under Kongerne Kristiern I og Hans [ Denmark's Relationship with the Popes under Kings Christian I and John ] ( Copenhagen : Nielsen & Lydiche, 1907), pages 13-53.
- (in Norwegian) Lars Hamre, “Unionstiden 1450 – 1523 [ Union Years, 1450-1523 ]", in: Arne Fjellbu and Bernt C. Lange, editors, Nidaros erkebispestol og bispesete: 1153-1953, band I [ The Archdiocese of Nidaros and the Bishops, Volume 1 ] ( Oslo : Forlagt Land og Kirke [ State and Church Publishers ], 1955), pages 453–531.
- (in Norwegian) Olav Martinsen, "Henrik Kalteisen (1452–1458)", in: Den Katolske Kirke [ The Catholic Church [ of Norway ] ], retrieved 24 October 2011.
- (in German) Karl Werner, Kalteisen, Heinrich, in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie [ Complete German Biography ] ( ADB ). Band 15, ( Leipzig : Duncker & Humblot, 1882 ), page 41.
- Thomas B[enjamin]. Willson, History of the Church and State in Norway from the Tenth Century to the Sixteenth Century ( Westminster : Archibald Constable & Co., Ltd., 1903 ), pages 280–285.