Copenhagen
Copenhagen
København (Danish) | |
---|---|
City of Copenhagen Københavns Kommune (Danish) | |
Coordinates: 55°40′34″N 12°34′06″E / 55.67611°N 12.56833°E | |
Country | ![]() |
Region | ![]() |
Municipalities | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Established | 1167 |
Area | |
• Municipality | 90.01 km2 (34.75 sq mi) |
• Urban | 525.50 km2 (202.90 sq mi) |
• Metro | 3,371.80 km2 (1,301.86 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 91 m (299 ft) |
Lowest elevation | 1 m (3 ft) |
Population | |
• Municipality | 660,842 |
• Density | 7,298/km2 (18,900/sq mi) |
• Urban | 1,378,649 |
• Urban density | 2,560.54/km2 (6,631.8/sq mi) |
• Metro | 2,135,634 |
• Metro density | 633.38/km2 (1,640.4/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | Copenhagener[4] Københavner (Danish) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal code | 1050–1799, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2450, 2500, 2700, 2720 |
Area code | (+45) 3 |
Website | international |
Copenhagen[6] (Danish: København [kʰøpm̩ˈhɑwˀn] ⓘ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the urban area.[7][8] The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the Øresund strait. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.
Originally a Viking fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. During the 16th century, the city served as the de facto capital of the Kalmar Union and the seat of the Union's monarchy, which governed most of the modern-day Nordic region as part of a Danish confederation with Sweden and Norway. The city flourished as the cultural and economic centre of Scandinavia during the Renaissance. By the 17th century, it had become a regional centre of power, serving as the heart of the Danish government and military. During the 18th century, Copenhagen suffered from a devastating plague outbreak and urban conflagrations. Major redevelopment efforts included the construction of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden and the establishment of cultural institutions such as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. The city also became the centre of the Danish slave trade during this period. In 1807, the city was bombarded by a British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, before the Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen's architecture. After World War II, the Finger Plan fostered the development of housing and businesses along the five urban railway routes emanating from the city centre.
Since the turn of the 21st century, Copenhagen has seen strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investment in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is the
Copenhagen is home to the
Etymology
Copenhagen's name (København in Danish), reflects its origin as a harbour and a place of commerce. The original designation in
The English
The city's Latin name, Hafnia, is the namesake of the element hafnium.[10]
History

Early history
Although the earliest historical records of Copenhagen are from the end of the 12th century, recent
These finds indicate that Copenhagen's origins as a city go back at least to the 11th century. Substantial discoveries of flint tools in the area provide evidence of human settlements dating to the Stone Age.[11] Many historians believe the town dates to the late Viking Age, and was possibly founded by Sweyn I Forkbeard.[12] The natural harbour and good herring stocks seem to have attracted fishermen and merchants to the area on a seasonal basis from the 11th century and more permanently in the 13th century.[13] The first habitations were probably centred on Gammel Strand (literally 'old shore') in the 11th century or even earlier.[14]
The earliest written mention of the town was in the 12th century when Saxo Grammaticus in Gesta Danorum referred to it as Portus Mercatorum, meaning 'Merchants' Harbour' or, in the Danish of the time, Købmannahavn.[15] Traditionally, Copenhagen's founding has been dated to Bishop Absalon's construction of a modest fortress on the little island of Slotsholmen in 1167 where Christiansborg Palace stands today.[16] The construction of the fortress was in response to attacks by Wendish pirates who plagued the coastline during the 12th century.[17] Defensive ramparts and moats were completed, and by 1177 St. Clemens Church had been built. Attacks by the Wends continued, and after the original fortress was eventually destroyed by the marauders, islanders replaced it with Copenhagen Castle.[18]
Middle Ages
In 1186, a letter from
As the town became more prominent, it was repeatedly attacked by the
With the establishment of the
16th and 17th centuries
In disputes prior to the Reformation of 1536, the city which had been faithful to
During the reign of
By 1661, Copenhagen had asserted its position as capital of Denmark and Norway. All the major institutions were located there, as was the fleet and most of the army. The defences were further enhanced with the completion of the Citadel in 1664 and the extension of Christianshavns Vold with its bastions in 1692, leading to the creation of a new base for the fleet at Nyholm.[23][24]
18th century
Copenhagen lost around 22,000 of its population of 65,000 to the
A substantial amount of rebuilding followed. In 1733, work began on the royal residence of Christiansborg Palace, which was completed in 1745. In 1749, development of the prestigious district of Frederiksstaden was initiated. Designed by Nicolai Eigtved in the Rococo style, its centre contained the mansions which now form Amalienborg Palace.[28] Major extensions to the naval base of Holmen were undertaken while the city's cultural importance was enhanced with the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.[29]
During the 18th century, the
19th century
As a result of


In 1807, as a result of continued British fears that Denmark would ally with France, another British fleet led by Admiral James Gambier was dispatched to Copenhagen with orders to seize or destroy the Dano-Norwegian navy. The British published a proclamation demanding the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet, and the Danish responded with "what amounted to a declaration of war".[35] Gambier's forces responded by carrying out a naval bombardment of Copenhagen from 2 to 5 September. The bombardment, which saw the deployment of Congreve rockets, killed 195 civilians and wounded 768, along with burning approximately 1,000 structures, including the Church of Our Lady. Copenhagen's defenders were unable to respond to the bombardment effectively due to relying on an old defence-line whose limited range could not reach the British ships and their longer-range artillery. A British landing force of 30,000 men entered and occupied Copenhagen; during the battle, the British suffered almost 200 casualties, while the Danish suffered 3,000. Virtually the entire Dano-Norwegian fleet was surrendered to the British, who either burnt them or brought them back to Britain. Denmark declared war on Britain, leading to the outbreak of the Gunboat War, which lasted until the 1814 Treaty of Kiel.[36][37][38]
Despite the turmoil the Napoleonic Wars brought to the city, Copenhagen soon experienced a period of intense cultural creativity known as the
20th century

By the beginning of the 20th century, Copenhagen had become a thriving industrial and administrative city. With its new city hall and railway station, its centre was drawn towards the west.[29] New housing developments grew up in Brønshøj and Valby while Frederiksberg became an enclave within the city of Copenhagen.[41] The northern part of Amager and Valby were also incorporated into the City of Copenhagen in 1901–02.[42]
As a result of Denmark's neutrality in the
In the 1920s there were serious shortages of goods and housing. Plans were drawn up to demolish the old part of Christianshavn and to get rid of the worst of the city's slum areas.[44] However, it was not until the 1930s that substantial housing developments ensued,[45] with the demolition of one side of Christianhavn's Torvegade to build five large blocks of flats.[44]
World War II

In 1945
The attack, known as "Operation Carthage", came on 22 March 1945, in three small waves. In the first wave, all six planes (carrying one bomb each) hit their target, but one of the aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg Girls School. Because of this crash, four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the military target and aimed their bombs at the school, leading to the death of 123 civilians (of which 87 were schoolchildren).[48] However, 18 of the 26 political prisoners in the Shell Building managed to escape while the Gestapo archives were completely destroyed.[48]
On 8 May 1945 Copenhagen was officially liberated by British troops commanded by
Post-war decades
Shortly after the end of the war, an innovative urban development project known as the
Motor traffic in the city grew significantly and in 1972 the trams were replaced by buses. From the 1960s, on the initiative of the young architect Jan Gehl, pedestrian streets and cycle tracks were created in the city centre.[53] Activity in the port of Copenhagen declined with the closure of the Holmen Naval Base. Copenhagen Airport underwent considerable expansion, becoming a hub for the Nordic countries. In the 1990s, large-scale housing developments were realised in the harbour area and in the west of Amager.[45] The national library's Black Diamond building on the waterfront was completed in 1999.[54]
Gallery
-
The Black Diamond
-
Freetown Christiania – entrance
21st century

Since the summer of 2000, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of
An important development for the city has been the opening of the Copenhagen Metro railway system in 2002. The Copenhagen Metro was extended until 2007, transporting some 54 million passengers by 2011.[56] The Copenhagen Opera House, a gift to the city from the shipping magnate Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller on behalf of the A.P. Møller foundation, was completed in 2004.[57]

In December 2009 Copenhagen gained international prominence when it hosted the worldwide climate meeting
On 3 July 2022, three people were killed in a shooting at Field's mall in Copenhagen. Police chief inspector Søren Thomassen announced the arrest of a 22-year-old man and said that the police cannot rule out an act of terrorism.[60][61]
Geography


Copenhagen is part of the Øresund Region, which consists of Zealand, Lolland-Falster and Bornholm in Denmark and Scania in Sweden.[62] It is located on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand, partly on the island of Amager and on a number of natural and artificial islets between the two. Copenhagen faces the Øresund to the east, the strait of water that separates Denmark from Sweden, and which connects the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. The Swedish city of Malmö and the town of Landskrona lie on the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen.[63] By road, Copenhagen is 42 kilometres (26 mi) northwest of Malmö, Sweden, 85 kilometres (53 mi) northeast of Næstved, 164 kilometres (102 mi) northeast of Odense, 295 kilometres (183 mi) east of Esbjerg and 188 kilometres (117 mi) southeast of Aarhus by sea and road via Sjællands Odde.[64]
The city centre lies in the area originally defined by the old ramparts, which are still referred to as the Fortification Ring (Fæstningsringen) and kept as a partial green band around it.[65] Then come the late-19th- and early-20th-century residential neighbourhoods of Østerbro, Nørrebro, Vesterbro and Amagerbro. The outlying areas of Kongens Enghave, Valby, Vigerslev, Vanløse, Brønshøj, Utterslev and Sundby followed from 1920 to 1960. They consist mainly of residential housing and apartments often enhanced with parks and greenery.[66]
Topography
The central area of the city consists of relatively low-lying flat ground formed by moraines from the last ice age while the hilly areas to the north and west frequently rise to 50 m (160 ft) above sea level. The slopes of Valby and Brønshøj reach heights of over 30 m (98 ft), divided by valleys running from the northeast to the southwest. Close to the centre are the Copenhagen lakes of Sortedams Sø, Peblinge Sø and Sankt Jørgens Sø.[66]
Copenhagen rests on a
Geologically, Copenhagen lies in the northern part of Denmark where the land is rising because of post-glacial rebound.
Beaches


Amager Strandpark, which opened in 2005, is a 2 km (1 mi) long artificial island, with a total of 4.6 km (2.9 mi) of beaches. It is located just 15 minutes by bicycle or a few minutes by metro from the city centre.[69] In Klampenborg, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from downtown Copenhagen, is Bellevue Beach. It is 700 metres (2,300 ft) long and has both lifeguards and freshwater showers on the beach.[70]
The beaches are supplemented by a system of Harbour Baths along the Copenhagen waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge, literally meaning Iceland's Quay, and has won international acclaim for its design.[71]
Climate
Copenhagen is in the
June is the sunniest month of the year with an average of about eight hours of sunshine a day. July is the warmest month with an average daytime high of 21 °C. By contrast, the average hours of sunshine are less than two per day in November and only one and a half per day from December to February. In the spring, it gets warmer again with four to six hours of sunshine per day from March to May. February is the driest month of the year.[74] Exceptional weather conditions can bring as much as 50 cm of snow to Copenhagen in a 24-hour period during the winter months[75] while summer temperatures have been known to rise to heights of 33 °C (91 °F).[76]
Because of Copenhagen's northern latitude, the number of daylight hours varies considerably between summer and winter. On the summer solstice, the sun rises at 04:26 and sets at 21:58, providing 17 hours 32 minutes of daylight. On the winter solstice, it rises at 08:37 and sets at 15:39 with 7 hours and 1 minute of daylight. There is therefore a difference of 10 hours and 31 minutes in the length of days and nights between the summer and winter solstices.[77]
Climate data for Copenhagen, Denmark (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1768–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 11.2 (52.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.8 (94.6) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.8 (94.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
24.4 (75.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
35.6 (96.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.5 (43.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
12.3 (54.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
9.1 (48.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.3 (37.9) |
0.5 (32.9) |
6.2 (43.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −27.6 (−17.7) |
−25.5 (−13.9) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−16.5 (2.3) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
0.4 (32.7) |
0.1 (32.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−18.4 (−1.1) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53.0 (2.09) |
36.9 (1.45) |
42.3 (1.67) |
35.8 (1.41) |
47.2 (1.86) |
63.9 (2.52) |
60.9 (2.40) |
67.5 (2.66) |
61.0 (2.40) |
63.3 (2.49) |
56.4 (2.22) |
57.4 (2.26) |
645.6 (25.43) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 14.9 | 11.4 | 13.5 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 12.0 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 15.4 | 15.4 | 157.4 |
Average snowy days | 5.9 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 21.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
86 | 84 | 82 | 76 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 78 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 79 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 51.5 | 68.1 | 119.7 | 180.9 | 230.2 | 213.3 | 228.1 | 198.9 | 141.9 | 100.9 | 55.3 | 40.6 | 1,629.4 |
Percentage possible sunshine | 21 | 25 | 33 | 43 | 46 | 41 | 44 | 43 | 37 | 31 | 22 | 18 | 34 |
Source: DMI (precipitation days and snowy days 1971–2000, humidity 1961–1990),[78][79][80] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[81] |
Administration

According to Statistics Denmark, the urban area of Copenhagen (Hovedstadsområdet) consists of the municipalities of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Albertslund, Brøndby, Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Glostrup, Herlev, Hvidovre, Lyngby-Taarbæk, Rødovre, Tårnby and Vallensbæk as well as parts of Ballerup, Rudersdal and Furesø municipalities, along with the cities of Ishøj and Greve Strand.[4][83] They are located in the Capital Region (Region Hovedstaden). Municipalities are responsible for a wide variety of public services, which include land-use planning, environmental planning, public housing, management and maintenance of local roads, and social security. Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive.[84]
Copenhagen Municipality is by far the largest municipality, with the historic city at its core. The seat of Copenhagen's municipal council is the Copenhagen City Hall (Rådhus), which is situated on City Hall Square. The second largest municipality is Frederiksberg, an enclave within Copenhagen Municipality.
Copenhagen Municipality is divided into
.Law and order
Most of Denmark's top legal courts and institutions are based in Copenhagen. A modern-style court of justice,
The
The Copenhagen Fire Department forms the largest municipal fire brigade in Denmark with some 500 fire and ambulance personnel, 150 administration and service workers, and 35 workers in prevention.[91] The brigade began as the Copenhagen Royal Fire Brigade on 9 July 1687 under King Christian V. After the passing of the Copenhagen Fire Act on 18 May 1868, on 1 August 1870 the Copenhagen Fire Brigade became a municipal institution in its own right.[92] The fire department has its headquarters in the Copenhagen Central Fire Station which was designed by Ludvig Fenger in the Historicist style and inaugurated in 1892.[93]
Environmental planning

Copenhagen is recognised as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.
Copenhagen aims to be
The city's urban planning authorities continue to take full account of these priorities. Special attention is given both to climate issues and efforts to ensure maximum application of low-energy standards. Priorities include sustainable drainage systems,[100] recycling rainwater, green roofs and efficient waste management solutions. In city planning, streets and squares are to be designed to encourage cycling and walking rather than driving.[101]
Demographics

- Danish (73.7%)
- Other European (12.9%)
- Asian (8.2%)
- African (3%)
- Others (2.2%)
Nationality | Population |
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5,333 |
Nationality | Population | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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8,139 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7,614 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7,378 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6,793 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6,689 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5,739 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5,622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5,576 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5,491 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5,247 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4,936 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4,844 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4,818 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4,665 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4,547 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4,513 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4,379 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4,076 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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3,967 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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3,798 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Copenhagen is the most populous city in Denmark and one of the
The Municipality of Copenhagen is by far the most populous
According to Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen's urban area has a larger population of 1,280,371 (as of 1 January 2016[update]).[4] The urban area consists of the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg plus 16 of the 20 municipalities of the former counties Copenhagen and Roskilde, though five of them only partially.[83] Metropolitan Copenhagen has a total of 2,016,285 inhabitants (as of 2016[update]).[4] The area of Metropolitan Copenhagen is defined by the Finger Plan.[105] Since the opening of the Øresund Bridge in 2000, commuting between Zealand and Scania in Sweden has increased rapidly, leading to a wider, integrated area. Known as the Øresund Region, it has 4.1 million inhabitants—of whom 2.7 million (August 2021) live in the Danish part of the region.[106]
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Source: [107] |
Religion
A majority (56.9%) of those living in Copenhagen are members of the Lutheran
Foreign migration to Copenhagen, rising over the last three decades, has contributed to increasing religious diversity; the
Quality of living
For a number of years, Copenhagen has ranked high in international surveys for its
Economy
Copenhagen is the major economic and

Several financial institutions and banks have headquarters in Copenhagen, including

Life science is a key sector with extensive research and development activities. Medicon Valley is a leading bi-national life sciences cluster in Europe, spanning the Øresund Region. Copenhagen is rich in companies and institutions with a focus on research and development within the field of biotechnology,[129] and the Medicon Valley initiative aims to strengthen this position and to promote cooperation between companies and academia. Many major Danish companies like Novo Nordisk and Lundbeck, both of which are among the 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the world, are located in this business cluster.[130]
Shipping is another important sector with Maersk, the world's largest
Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world.[132] High taxes mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction. A beneficial researcher scheme with low taxation of foreign specialists has made Denmark an attractive location for foreign labour. It is, however, also among the most expensive cities in Europe.[133][134]
Denmark's
Tourism
Tourism is a major contributor to Copenhagen's economy, attracting visitors due to the city's harbour, cultural attractions and award-winning restaurants. Since 2009, Copenhagen has been one of the fastest growing metropolitan destinations in Europe.[137] Hotel capacity in the city is growing significantly. From 2009 to 2013, it experienced a 42% growth in international bed nights (total number of nights spent by tourists), tallying a rise of nearly 70% for Chinese visitors.[137] The total number of bed nights in the Capital Region surpassed 9 million in 2013, while international bed nights reached 5 million.[137]
In 2010, it is estimated that city break tourism contributed to DKK 2 billion in turnover. However, 2010 was an exceptional year for city break tourism and turnover increased with 29% in that one year.[138] 680,000 cruise passengers visited the port in 2015.[139] In 2019 Copenhagen was ranked first among Lonely Planet's top ten cities to visit.[140] In October 2021, Copenhagen was shortlisted for the European Commission's 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with Bordeaux, Dublin, Florence, Ljubljana, Palma de Mallorca and Valencia.[141]
Cityscape
The city's appearance today is shaped by the key role it has played as a regional centre for centuries. Copenhagen has a multitude of districts, each with its distinctive character and representing its own period. Other distinctive features of Copenhagen include the abundance of water, its many parks, and the bicycle paths that line most streets.[142]
Architecture
The oldest section of Copenhagen's
Sometimes referred to as "the City of Spires", Copenhagen is known for its horizontal skyline, broken only by the spires and towers of its churches and castles. Most characteristic of all is the Baroque spire of the Church of Our Saviour with its narrowing external spiral stairway that visitors can climb to the top.[147] Other important spires are those of Christiansborg Palace, the City Hall and the former Church of St. Nikolaj that now houses a modern art venue. Not quite so high are the Renaissance spires of Rosenborg Castle and the "dragon spire" of Christian IV's former stock exchange, so named because it resembles the intertwined tails of four dragons.[148]
Copenhagen is recognised globally as an exemplar of best practice urban planning.[149] Its thriving mixed use city centre is defined by striking contemporary architecture, engaging public spaces and an abundance of human activity. These design outcomes have been deliberately achieved through careful replanning in the second half of the 20th century.
Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen
Copenhagen's urban development in the first half of the 20th century was heavily influenced by industrialisation. After World War II, Copenhagen Municipality adopted Fordism and repurposed its medieval centre to facilitate private automobile infrastructure in response to innovations in transport, trade and communication.[152] Copenhagen's spatial planning in this time frame was characterised by the separation of land uses: an approach which requires residents to travel by car to access facilities of different uses.[153]
The boom in urban development and modern architecture has brought some changes to the city's skyline. A political majority has decided to keep the historical centre free of high-rise buildings, but several areas will see or have already seen massive urban development. Ørestad now has seen most of the recent development. Located near Copenhagen Airport, it currently boasts one of the largest malls in Scandinavia and a variety of office and residential buildings as well as the IT University and a high school.[154]
Parks, gardens and zoo

Copenhagen is a green city with many parks, both large and small. King's Garden (Kongens Have), the garden of Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most frequented of them all.[155] It was Christian IV who first developed its landscaping in 1606. Every year it sees more than 2.5 million visitors[156] and in the summer months it is packed with sunbathers, picnickers and ballplayers. It serves as a sculpture garden with both a permanent display and temporary exhibits during the summer months.[155] Also located in the city centre are the Botanical Gardens noted for their large complex of 19th-century greenhouses donated by Carlsberg founder J. C. Jacobsen.[157] Fælledparken at 58 ha (140 acres) is the largest park in Copenhagen.[158]
It is popular for sports fixtures and hosts several annual events including a free opera concert at the opening of the opera season, other open-air concerts,
In Copenhagen, many
It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that by 2015 all citizens must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes.[164] In line with this policy, several new parks, including the innovative Superkilen in the Nørrebro district, have been completed or are under development in areas lacking green spaces.[165]
Landmarks by district
Indre By
The historic centre of the city,
Christianshavn

Christianshavn lies to the southeast of Indre By on the other side of the harbour. The area was developed by Christian IV in the early 17th century. Impressed by the city of Amsterdam, he employed Dutch architects to create canals within its ramparts which are still well preserved today.[23] The canals themselves, branching off the central Christianshavn Canal and lined with house boats and pleasure craft are one of the area's attractions.[173] Another interesting feature is Freetown Christiania, a fairly large area which was initially occupied by squatters during student unrest in 1971. Today it still maintains a measure of autonomy. The inhabitants openly sell drugs on "Pusher Street" as well as their arts and crafts. Other buildings of interest in Christianshavn include the Church of Our Saviour with its spiralling steeple and the magnificent Rococo Christian's Church. Once a warehouse, the North Atlantic House now displays culture from Iceland and Greenland and houses the Noma restaurant, known for its Nordic cuisine.[174][175]
Vesterbro

Nørrebro

Nørrebro to the northwest of the city centre has recently developed from a working-class district into a colourful cosmopolitan area with antique shops, non-Danish food stores and restaurants. Much of the activity is centred on Sankt Hans Torv[182] and around Rantzausgade. Copenhagen's historic cemetery, Assistens Kirkegård halfway up Nørrebrogade, is the resting place of many famous figures including Søren Kierkegaard, Niels Bohr, and Hans Christian Andersen but is also used by locals as a park and recreation area.[183]
Østerbro

Just north of the city centre, Østerbro is an upper middle-class district with a number of fine mansions, some now serving as embassies.[184] The district stretches from Nørrebro to the waterfront where The Little Mermaid statue can be seen from the promenade known as Langelinie. Inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, it was created by Edvard Eriksen and unveiled in 1913.[185] Not far from the Little Mermaid, the old Citadel (Kastellet) can be seen. Built by Christian IV, it is one of northern Europe's best preserved fortifications. There is also a windmill in the area.[186] The large Gefion Fountain (Gefionspringvandet) designed by Anders Bundgaard and completed in 1908 stands close to the southeast corner of Kastellet. Its figures illustrate a Nordic legend.[187]
Frederiksberg

Frederiksberg, a separate municipality within the urban area of Copenhagen, lies to the west of Nørrebro and Indre By and north of Vesterbro. Its landmarks include Copenhagen Zoo founded in 1869 with over 250 species from all over the world and Frederiksberg Palace built as a summer residence by Frederick IV who was inspired by Italian architecture. Now a military academy, it overlooks the extensive landscaped Frederiksberg Gardens with its follies, waterfalls, lakes and decorative buildings.[188] The wide tree-lined avenue of Frederiksberg Allé connecting Vesterbrogade with the Frederiksberg Gardens has long been associated with theatres and entertainment. While a number of the earlier theatres are now closed, the Betty Nansen Theatre and Aveny-T are still active.[189]
Amagerbro
Amagerbro (also known as Sønderbro) is the district located immediately south-east of Christianshavn at northernmost Amager. The old city moats and their surrounding parks constitute a clear border between these districts. The main street is Amagerbrogade which after the harbour bridge Langebro, is an extension of H. C. Andersens Boulevard and has a number of various stores and shops as well as restaurants and pubs.[190] Amagerbro was built up during the two first decades of the twentieth century and is the city's southernmost block built area with typically 4–7 floors. Further south follows the Sundbyøster and Sundbyvester districts.[191]
Other districts
Not far from
Culture

Apart from being the national capital, Copenhagen also serves as the cultural hub of Denmark and one of the major hubs in wider Scandinavia. Since the late 1990s, it has undergone a transformation from a modest Scandinavian capital into a metropolitan city of international appeal, in the same league as cities such as Barcelona and Amsterdam.[194] This is a result of huge investments in infrastructure and culture as well as the work of successful new Danish architects, designers and chefs.[150][195] Copenhagen Fashion Week takes place every year in February and August.[196][197]
Museums
Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of international standing. The

Another important Copenhagen art museum is the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek founded by second generation Carlsberg philanthropist Carl Jacobsen and built around his personal collections. Its main focus is classical Egyptian, Roman and Greek sculptures and antiquities and a collection of Rodin sculptures, the largest outside France. Besides its sculpture collections, the museum also holds a comprehensive collection of paintings of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist painters such as Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, van Gogh and Toulouse-Lautrec as well as works by the Danish Golden Age painters.[200]
Other museums include: the
Entertainment and performing arts

The new

Copenhagen has a significant jazz scene that has existed for many years. It developed when a number of American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster, Thad Jones, Richard Boone, Ernie Wilkins, Kenny Drew, Ed Thigpen, Bob Rockwell, Dexter Gordon, and others such as rock guitarist Link Wray came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s. Every year in early July, Copenhagen's streets, squares, parks as well as cafés and concert halls fill up with big and small jazz concerts during the Copenhagen Jazz Festival. One of Europe's top jazz festivals, the annual event features around 900 concerts at 100 venues with over 200,000 guests from Denmark and around the world.[210]
The largest venue for
For free entertainment one can stroll along
Literature
Most of Denmarks's major publishing houses are based in Copenhagen. These include the book publishers
The Royal Library, belonging to the University of Copenhagen, is the largest library in the Nordic countries with an almost complete collection of all printed Danish books since 1482. Founded in 1648, the Royal Library is located at four sites in the city, the main one being on the Slotsholmen waterfront.[217] Copenhagen's public library network has over 20 outlets, the largest being the Central Library (Københavns Hovedbibliotek) on Krystalgade in the inner city.[218]
Art

Copenhagen has a wide selection of art museums and galleries displaying both historic works and more modern contributions. They include
A number of notable sculptures can be seen in the city. In addition to The Little Mermaid on the waterfront, there are two historic equestrian statues in the city centre:
Copenhagen is believed to have invented the photomarathon photography competition, which has been held in the City each year since 1989.[226][227]
Cuisine

As of 2014[update], Copenhagen has 15
Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants, Copenhagen offers a great variety of Danish, ethnic and experimental restaurants. It is possible to find modest eateries serving open sandwiches, known as smørrebrød – a traditional, Danish lunch dish; however, most restaurants serve international dishes.[232] Danish pastry can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the city. The Copenhagen Bakers' Association (Danish: Københavns Bagerlaug) dates back to the 1290s and Denmark's oldest confectioner's shop still operating, Conditori La Glace, was founded in 1870 in Skoubogade by Nicolaus Henningsen, a trained master baker from Flensburg.[233]
Copenhagen has long been associated with beer.
Nightlife and festivals
Copenhagen has one of the highest number of restaurants and bars per capita in the world.[236] The nightclubs and bars stay open until 5 or 6 in the morning, some even longer. Denmark has a very liberal alcohol culture and a strong tradition for beer breweries, although binge drinking is frowned upon and the Danish Police take driving under the influence very seriously.[237] Inner city areas such as Istedgade and Enghave Plads in Vesterbro, Sankt Hans Torv in Nørrebro and certain places in Frederiksberg are especially noted for their nightlife. Notable nightclubs include Bakken Kbh, ARCH (previously ZEN), Jolene, The Jane, Chateau Motel, KB3, At Dolores (previously Sunday Club), Rust, Vega Nightclub and Culture Box.[238][239]
Copenhagen has several recurring community festivals, mainly in the summer.
Amusement parks

Copenhagen has the oldest and third-oldest
The
Education

Copenhagen has over 94,000 students enrolled in its largest universities and institutions:
The University of Copenhagen is Denmark's oldest university founded in 1479. It attracts some 1,500 international and exchange students every year. The Academic Ranking of World Universities placed it 30th in the world in 2016.[253]
The Technical University of Denmark is located in Lyngby in the northern outskirts of Copenhagen. In 2013, it was ranked as one of the leading technical universities in Northern Europe.[254] The IT University is Denmark's youngest university, a mono-faculty institution focusing on technical, societal and business aspects of information technology.[255]
The
Sport
The city has a variety of sporting teams. The major

Copenhagen has several
Copenhagen Marathon, Copenhagen's annual marathon event, was established in 1980.[266] Round Christiansborg Open Water Swim Race is a 2-kilometre (1.2-mile) open water swimming competition taking place each year in late August.[267] This amateur event is combined with a 10-kilometre (6-mile) Danish championship.[268] In 2009 the event included a 10-kilometre (6-mile) FINA World Cup competition in the morning. Copenhagen hosted the 2011 UCI Road World Championships in September 2011, taking advantage of its bicycle-friendly infrastructure. It was the first time that Denmark had hosted the event since 1956, when it was also held in Copenhagen.[269]
Transport

Airport
The greater Copenhagen area has a very well established transportation infrastructure making it a hub in Northern Europe. Copenhagen Airport, opened in 1925, is Scandinavia's largest airport, located in Kastrup on the island of Amager. It is connected to the city centre by metro and main line railway services.[270] October 2013 was a record month with 2.2 million passengers, and November 2013 figures reveal that the number of passengers is increasing by some 3% annually, about 50% more than the European average.[271]
Road, rail and ferry
Copenhagen has an extensive road network including motorways connecting the city to other parts of Denmark and to Sweden over the Øresund Bridge.[272] The car is still the most popular form of transport within the city itself, representing two-thirds of all distances travelled. This can however lead to serious congestion in rush hour traffic.[273] The Øresund train links Copenhagen with Malmö 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Copenhagen is also served by a daily ferry connection to Oslo in Norway.[274] In 2012, Copenhagen Harbour handled 372 cruise ships and 840,000 passengers.[274]
The
The
Copenhagen is cited by urban planners for its exemplary integration of public transport and urban development. In implementing its Finger Plan, Copenhagen is considered the world's first example of a transit metropolis,[51] and areas around S-Train stations like Ballerup and Brøndby Strand are among the earliest examples of transit-oriented development.[281]
Cycling
Copenhagen has been rated as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world since 2015, with bicycles outnumbering its inhabitants.[282][283][284] In 2012 some 36% of all working or studying city-dwellers cycled to work, school, or university. With 1.27 million km covered every working day by Copenhagen's cyclists (including both residents and commuters), and 75% of Copenhageners cycling throughout the year.[285] The city's bicycle paths are extensive and well used, boasting 400 kilometres (250 miles) of cycle lanes not shared with cars or pedestrians, and sometimes have their own signal systems – giving the cyclists a lead of a couple of seconds to accelerate.[284][286]
Healthcare

Promoting health is an important issue for Copenhagen's municipal authorities. Central to its sustainability mission is its "Long Live Copenhagen" (Længe Leve København) scheme in which it has the goal of increasing the life expectancy of citizens, improving quality of life through better standards of health, and encouraging more productive lives and equal opportunities.[287] The city has targets to encourage people to exercise regularly and to reduce the number who smoke and consume alcohol.[287]
Media

Many Danish media corporations are located in Copenhagen.
Copenhagen has a large film and television industry.
Twin towns – sister cities
Copenhagen is twinned with:
Honorary citizens
People awarded the honorary citizenship of Copenhagen are:
Date | Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
21 November 1838 | Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844) | Danish sculptor[307] |
While honorary citizenship is no longer granted in Copenhagen, three people have been awarded the title of honorary Copenhageners (æreskøbenhavnere).
Date | Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
16 June 1967 | Poul Reumert (1883–1968) | Danish actor |
16 June 1967 | Victor Borge (1909–2000) | Danish comedian |
16 June 1967 | Steen Eiler Rasmussen (1898–1990) | Danish architect |
See also
- Category: People from Copenhagen
- 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conferencein Copenhagen
- Architecture in Copenhagen
- Carlsberg Fault zone, a concealed tectonic formation that runs across the city
- Copenhagen Climate Council
- List of urban areas in Denmark by population
- Outline of Denmark
- Ports of the Baltic Sea
Footnotes
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Muslims in Western Europe originate from both Arab and non-Arab countries. Those in the United Kingdom are primarily from South Asia, in France from North and West Africa, in Germany from Turkey, in Belgium from Morocco, and in the Netherlands from Morocco and Turkey. - ISBN 978-0-7864-5953-7.
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Further reading
External links
- VisitCopenhagen.dk – Official VisitCopenhagen tourism website