Hercules Magusanus
Hercules Magusanus is a
Name
Attestations
The name is attested on votive stones, coins and arm rings principally found in
Etymology
The name Hercules Magusanus is a syncretism between the Graeco-Roman divine hero Hercules and the local deity or hero Magusanus.[2]
The etymology of the name remains debated.
In 1984, Léon Fleuriot proposed an alternative connection with the Welsh personal name Mavohe[nos] ('Old Lad', or 'old [one] of the servant''), ultimately from Proto-Celtic *magusenos (magus 'young lad; servant' + senos 'old').[8] Lauran Toorians notes that, in this view, both Celtic and Germanic etymologies are possible, with the Germanic *magus ('boy, servant') attached to the root *sen- ('old').[9]
Origin
Magusanus
According to Lauran Toorians, it is probable that the Batavi, who entered the Rhine-Meuse delta from the east after the defeat of the Eburones, were "linguistically mixed, which might mean that they had shifted from Celtic-speaking to Germanic-speaking in recent times." Their elite language was likely Germanic, which led them to Germanicize the names of the region they took over.[10] In this view, the Germanic name Magusanus may have arisen from the original Celtic *Magusenus suggested by Fleuriot.[11]
The earliest dedications to Magusanus are found on Batavian territory and are not attested in the
Syncretism with Hercules
Several reasons have been proposed to explain the popularity of the Roman hero among Germanic peoples of the Lower Rhine and his syncretism with the local god Magunasus.[13]
A reasonable explanation is that the military and sporting attributes traditionally associated with Hercules, including masculine power and courage, possibly matched those associated with the native Magunasus.[14][15] This view is supported by the number of votive inscriptions to the god that were dedicated by soldiers, the practice of dropping off weapons in the sanctuary of Hercules Magusanus at Empel, and his role as the patron-deity of the Batavian young warrior bands.[15] A second reason for his success could have been Hercules' role as the keeper of cattle, particularly adapted to the pastoral values of a Lower Rhine society essentially relying on cattle and horse raising.[13] A third argument may be the perception of Hercules as a bridge between the Germanic and Roman cultures, Hercules being seen as the mythical forebear of "barbarian" peoples and the first explorer of the Germanic frontier.[13]
Cult
Batavi
As evidenced by the number of votive inscriptions and a cult associated with the monumental temple complex of
Nico Roymans argues that the cult of Herculus Magusanus played in a prominent role in the ethnogenesis of the Batavi during the second part of the first century BC.[19]
Other Lower Rhine tribes
The cult of Hercules Magusanus must have been marginalized as a principal deity in the public cult among the Ubii and the Cugerni following the foundation of the Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium and Colonia Ulpia Traiana in 50–60 AD, when his role was likely taken over by the Roman god Mars.[19]
Outside the Lower Rhine
Dedications to Hercules Magusanus are also known from Rome, Britain or Dacia. In all instances, they are related to Germani from the Lower Rhine area, most of them serving in the Roman army or to its influence.[4]
An altar to Hercules Magusanus was found near the site of a Roman fort at Mumrills (Stirlingshire), dedicated by Valerius Nigrinus, an officer in the Tungrian cavalry regiment.[16][17]
Depiction
Although no myth associated with Hercules Magusanus has been preserved, the iconography is rather close to the Latin imagery surrounding Hercules. For instance, several Germanic figurines and statues depict him bearing a club and a lion’s skin over his shoulders, once with three-headed dog Cerberus, echoing foreign myths involving the Roman hero.[3][20]
See also
References
- ^ a b Neumann 1999, p. 125.
- ^ a b c Roymans 2009, p. 227.
- ^ a b c d e f g Simek 1984, pp. 172–173.
- ^ a b Toorians 2003, p. 14.
- ^ Toorians 2003, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Jasper de Bruin (2022). "Het Romeinse heiligdom Herwen-Hemeling". Rijksmuseum voor Oudheden.
- ^ Wagner 1977.
- ^ Toorians 2003, pp. 14, 16, 19.
- ^ Toorians 2003, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Toorians 2003, p. 22.
- ^ Toorians 2003, p. 23.
- ^ Roymans 2009, p. 234.
- ^ a b c Roymans 2009, p. 231.
- ^ Derks 1991, p. 255.
- ^ a b Roymans 2009, pp. 231, 233.
- ^ a b "RIB 2140. Altar dedicated to Hercules Magusanus". Roman Inscriptions of Britain. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ^ a b "Altar from near Mumrills, Stirlingshire". National Museums of Scotland. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ^ Roymans 2009, p. 233.
- ^ a b Roymans 2009, p. 235.
- ^ Roymans 2009, p. 228.
Bibliography
- Derks, Ton (1991). "The perception of the Roman pantheon by a native elite : The example of the votive inscriptions from Lower Germany". Images of the Past: Studies on Ancient Societies in Northwestern Europe. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-90-70319-15-1.
- Neumann, Günter (1999), "Germani cisrhenani — die Aussage der Namen", in Beck, H.; Geuenich, D.; Steuer, H. (eds.), Germanenprobleme in heutiger Sicht, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110164381
- Roymans, Nico (2009). "Hercules and the construction of a Batavian identity in the context of the Roman empire". In Roymans, Nico; Derks, Ton (eds.). Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 219–238. JSTOR j.ctt46n1n2.13.
- ISBN 3-520-36801-3.
- Toorians, Lauran (2003). "Magusanus and the "Old Lad": A Case of Germanicised Celtic". NOWELE: North-Western European Language Evolution. 42 (1): 13–28. ISSN 0108-8416.
- Wagner, Norbert (1977). "(Hercules) Magusanus". Bonner Jahrbücher. 177: 417–422.
Further reading
- Buchholz, Peter (1968). "Perspectives for Historical Research in Germanic Religion". History of Religions. 8 (2): 111–138. S2CID 144271212.
- Genèvrier, Marie-Louise (1986). "Le culte d'Hercule Magusanus en Germanie Inférieure". Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité. 329 (1): 371–378.
- Mata, Karim. (2013). Colonial entanglements and cultic heterogeneity on Rome's Germanic frontier. Sidestone Press. Editors: Koutrafouri, Vasiliki G. and Sanders, Jeff, pp. 131–154.