History of Tucson, Arizona
The history of Tucson, Arizona began thousands of years ago. Paleo-Indians practiced plant husbandry and hunted game in the Santa Cruz River Valley from 10,000 or earlier BCE. Archaic peoples began making irrigation canals, some of the first in North America, around 1,200 BCE.[1] The Hohokam people lived in the Tucson area from around 450–1450 CE in a complex agricultural society.
Jesuit missionary
The Spanish stayed in the area, fighting down repeated attacks on the fort by Apache warriors. In 1821, Tucson became part of the new state of Sonora in Mexico, who had won independence from Spain. In 1854, Tucson, along with much of the surrounding area, was purchased from Mexico by the United States in the Gadsden Purchase and was made part of the New Mexico Territory. President Lincoln created the Arizona Territory in 1863, and Tucson was named capitol from 1867 to 1877. On February 14, 1912, Arizona became the 48th state in the United States.[2]
Native Americans
Tucson was probably first visited by
Mexican period
In 1821 Mexico gained independence from Spain. The Mexican Occidente state borders extended further north to include the town of Tucsón. In 1853 the United States acquired from Mexico, in the Gadsden Purchase, a strip of land that included Tucson that would later be used to construct a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route by the Southern Pacific Railroad.
Before the
Early United States and Confederate States period
In July 1861, after the
The proposal to organize the territory was passed by the
Later United States period
Tucson, and all of Arizona, remained part of the New Mexico Territory until February 24, 1863, when the
During the territorial and early statehood periods, Tucson was Arizona's largest city and commercial and railroad center,[6] while Phoenix was the seat of state government (beginning in 1889) and agriculture. Between 1910 and 1920, Phoenix surpassed Tucson in population and has continued to outpace Tucson in growth. However, both Tucson and Phoenix have experienced among the highest growth rates in the United States.
Modern period
By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910, 20,292 in 1920, and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.
Crime
In late January 1934, five members of the Dillinger gang, including
Hospitals
In 1919, Lieutenant Neill MacArtan of the Army Medical Corps arrived in Tucson, Arizona, looking for a sanatorium site. He found nearly 700 veterans scattered in squalid conditions throughout the area and commenced a decade's struggle to build a southwestern veterans hospital. Tucson's success is the story of city officials and citizens volunteering, organizing, battling other contenders like Livermore, California, and lobbying Congress. Despite MacArtan's death from tuberculosis in 1922,
Chinese Population
The Chinese came to Tucson with the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1880. Chinese and Mexican merchants and farmers transcended racial differences to form 'guanxi,' which were relations of friendship and trust. Chinese leased land from Mexicans, operated grocery stores, and aided compatriots attempting to enter the United States from Mexico after the Mexican Revolution in 1910. Chinese merchants supplied General
World War II
During World War II (1941–45) Mexican-American community organizations were very active in patriotic efforts to support American troops abroad, and made efforts to support the war effort materially and to provide moral support for the young American men fighting the war, especially the young Mexican-American men from local communities. Some of the community projects were cooperative ventures in which members of both the Mexican-American and Anglo communities participated. Most efforts made in the Mexican-American community, however, represented localized American home front activities that were separate from the activities of the Anglo community.[13]
Mexican-American women in Tucson organized to assist their servicemen and the war effort during World War II. An underlying goal of the Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association was the reinforcement of the woman's role in Spanish-Mexican culture. The organization raised thousands of dollars, wrote letters, and joined in numerous celebrations of their culture and their support for Mexican-American servicemen. Membership reached over 300 during the war and eventually ended its existence in 1976.[14]
See also
References
- ^ "Timeline". www.tucsonsbirthplace.org. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
- ^ a b "History of Tucson". SouthernArizonaGuide.com. 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
- ^ Thiel, J. Homer; Diehl, Michael W. "Cultural History of the Tucson Basin and the Project Area"(PDF). Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "The Hohokam" Archived 2017-10-03 at the Wayback Machine. Arizona Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ Mabry, Jonathan B.; Thiel, J. Homer (1995). "A thousand years of irrigation in Tucson" (PDF). Archaeology in Tucson (Fall 1995). Center of Desert Archaeology. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ISBN 9780971991545.
- ^ "Famous Cases: John Dillinger". FBI.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-09-19. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- ^ Webb, Janet (2006-01-08). "The day Tucson corralled Dillinger". Arizona Highways. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- ^ Mori, Brian (2009-01-21). "Dillinger Days frenzy coming up". Tucson Citizen. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- ^ Alex Jay Kimmelman, "Pastime Park: Tucson's First Veterans' Hospital," Journal of Arizona History 1990 31(1): 19–42,
- ^ Grace Peña Delgado, "Of Kith and Kin: Land, Leases, and 'Guanxi' in Tucson's Chinese and Mexican Communities, 1880s–1920s," Journal of Arizona History 2005 46(1): 33–54,
- ^ Li Yang, "Lee Wee Kwon: Chinese Grocer in Tucson, 1917–1965," Journal of Arizona History (2010) 51#1 pp. 33–50
- ^ Christine Marín, "Mexican Americans on the Home Front: Community Organizations in Arizona During World War II," Perspectives in Mexican American Studies 1993 4: 75–92
- ^ Julie A. Campbell, "Madres Y Esposas: Tucson's Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association," Journal of Arizona History 1990 31(2): 161–82,