Initial Upper Paleolithic

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Main Initial Upper Paleolithic human remains ( ) and stone assemblage sites ( ).[1]

The Initial Upper Paleolithic (also IUP, c. 50,000-40,000 BP) covers the first stage of the Upper Paleolithic, during which modern human populations expanded throughout Eurasia.

Genetics

East-Eurasian

Modern humans of the Initial Upper Paleolithic wave (IUP) are suggested to have expanded from a population hub through a star-like expansion pattern (>45kya), and are linked to "

Oase 2, used inland routes, the ancestors of Eastern Asians and Oceanians used a Southern dispersal route through South Asia, rapidly diverging there.[2][3][4][5]

Initial Upper Paleolithic sites are considered as forming the earliest culture of modern humans in Europe.[6][7] However, these people do not appear to have been the ancestors of later Europeans as the very few ancient DNA (aDNA) samples recovered from this period are not related to later samples.[8] They ended in Bacho Kiro cave and Oase, but this wave of colonization did not go as far as Western Europe, and apparently was not successful.[9]

Oase 2

These early Eurasian populations probably mated episodically with

Neanderthals in the period between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, probably during the initial phase of their expansion in the Middle East, and they carried ~2–9% Neanderthal ancestry in their genomes.[10] It is also considered that the early modern human coexisted with Neanderthals in Europe for a period of about 3,000–5,000 years.[11]

Among the earliest modern humans which have been directly dated to this period are:[12]

These individuals (except Tianyuan)

Kostenki-14.[16]

Technology and art

The Initial Upper Paleolithic corresponds to the spread of a particular techno-complex in Eurasia,

Cave art seems to correspond to another, later, human wave which spread through the Levant area.[6] In effect Aurignacian (42,000-28,000 BP) layers generally postdate late Mousterian and Initial Upper Paleolithic assemblages.[18] Aurignacian seems to have emerged out of the Initial Upper Paleolithic around 43,000 to 42,000 cal BP, in a process that is yet to be determined.[19]

References

  1. PMID 33828320
    .
  2. PMID 35445261.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  3. ISSN 2770-5005
    .
  4. PMID 34410389
    .
  5. PMC 10963722
    .
  6. ^
    S2CID 218592678
    . Archaeological and palaeontological evidence strongly suggest that the initial modern colonization of eastern Europe and central Asia should be related to the spread of techno-complexes assigned to the Initial Upper Palaeolithic. This first expansion may have started as early as 48 ka cal BP. The earliest phases of the Aurignacian complex (Protoaurignacian and Early Aurignacian) seem to represent another modern wave of migrations, starting in the Levant area. The expansion of this techno-complex throughout Europe completed the modern colonization of the continent.
  7. ^ Bower, Bruce (11 May 2020). "The earliest known humans in Europe may have been found in a Bulgarian cave". Science News.
  8. S2CID 257282687
    .
  9. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-11F6-F. Over a geographical domain, covering a large portion of Eurasia, the IUP displays a number of shared features in terms of blank production. Although its exact chronology is still under investigation, the start of its expansion out of southwest Asia most likely predates 47 ka cal BP, as suggested by the dates obtained at Bohunice (Richter et al., 2009) and Kara-Bom
    (Goebel et al., 1993). This early expansion would be more in agreement with an older date for the beginning of the IUP (Marks, 1983) than with those produced at Ksar Akil (Douka et al., 2013) and Üçagızlı (Kuhn et al., 2009). The recent discovery of the femur of Ust-Ischim in Siberia, directly dated at 45 ka BP and indisputably modern both anatomically and genetically, completes the more fragmentary discoveries from Ksar Akil (layer XXV), Üçagızlı and Bacho Kiro (layer 11), and brings support to the notion that the IUP represents a wave of migrations of fully modern humans. This wave, however, might not have been completely successful and apparently did not make it to western Europe.
  10. PMID 36009790
    . Likewise, a relatively high proportion (6–9%) of the genome of a 42–37 Ka-old modern human from Romania, Oase 1, appears to have derived from Neandertals, consistent with this individual having had a Neandertal ancestor some four-to-six generations earlier
  11. PMID 33828249
    .
  12. ^
    Oase 1
    and dated to ~40 ka has been recovered, and this showed no evidence of shared ancestry with later Europeans
  13. ^ Hajdinjak et al. 2021, p. 253, "They have been directly radiocarbon-dated to between 45,930 and 42,580 calibrated years before present (cal. BP), and their mitochondrial genomes are of the modern human type, suggesting that they are the oldest Upper Palaeolithic modern humans that have been recovered in Europe.".
  14. ^
    PMID 27135931
    . Ust'-Ishim and Oase1, which predate GoyetQ116-1 and Kostenki14, do not show any distinctive affinity to later Europeans
  15. PMID 36859553
    .
  16. PMID 27135931
    . Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans." (...) "First, at least some of the initial modern humans to appear in Europe, exemplified by Ust'-Ishim and Oase1, failed to contribute appreciably to the current European gene pool. Only from around 37,000 years ago do all the European individuals analyzed share ancestry with present-day Europeans
  17. S2CID 237661736
    .
  18. ISSN 2108-6532
    . In many parts of Europe and the Levant, Aurignacian strata postdate a complex array of regionally specific late Mousterian and Initial Upper Paleolithic assemblages variably attributed to Neanderthals and H. sapiens that likely record an interval of profound behavioral and demographic changes
  19. PMID 32989161
    . At some point, around 43 to 42 ka cal BP, the regional variants of the Initial Upper Paleolithic coalesced into the Aurignacian technocomplex, appearing synchronously across western Eurasia

Sources
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