JP-8
JP-8, or JP8 (for "Jet Propellant 8"), is a
A kerosene-based fuel, JP-8 is projected to remain in use at least until 2025. It was first introduced at NATO bases in 1978. Its NATO code is F-34.
Usage
The
JP-8 is formulated with an icing inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor–lubricants, and antistatic agents, and contains less benzene (a carcinogen) and n-hexane (a neurotoxin) than JP-4. However, it also smells stronger than JP-4. JP-8 has an oily feel to the touch, while JP-4 feels more like a solvent.
The
Single-fuel concept
JP-8 was specified in 1990 by the U.S. government as a replacement for government diesel fueled vehicles. This is in the wider context of the 1986 NATO Single-Fuel Concept agreement, in which F-34 (JP-8) is to replace F-54 (diesel fuel) in land vehicles and F-40 (JP-4) in land-based turbine aircraft to simplify logistics.[2] It is also used as coolant in engines and some other aircraft components.
Beyond use in vehicles from trucks to tanks
Problems and health concerns
Diesel problems
When used in highly turbocharged diesel engines with the corresponding low compression ratio of about only 14:1 or below, JP-8 causes troubles during cold start and idling due to low compression temperatures and subsequent ignition delay because the cetane index is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G to 40 or higher. Because lubricity to the BOCLE method is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G, modern common-rail diesel engines can experience wear problems in high-pressure fuel pumps and injectors. Another problem in diesel engines can be increased wear to exhaust valve seats in the cylinder heads, because a maximum sulfur content is not specified in MIL-DTL-83133G. Sulfur in fuel normally contributes to a build-up of soot layers on these valve seats. According to the notes in this standard, it is intended to include a cetane index value in one of the next releases.[citation needed] MIL-DTL-83133J sets the maximum sulfur content at 0.30%. It however only requires a cetane number of 40 after addition of FT-SPK (synthetic jet fuel).[6]
The use of jet fuel in
Health concerns
Workers have complained of smelling and tasting JP-8 for hours after exposure. As JP-8 is less volatile than standard diesel fuel, it remains on the contaminated surfaces for longer time, increasing the risk of exposure.
In 2001, Texas Tech University's Institute of Environmental and Human Health and the United States Air Force conducted an 18-month study of the health effects of JP-8 on 339 active duty personnel at six US Air Force installations. The study found that Air Force workers who were exposed to JP-8 were no more likely to seek medical attention than workers who were not exposed to JP-8 on the job. Personnel in the high- and moderate-exposure categories self-reported greater amounts of symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, difficulty breathing, general weakness, trouble concentrating, forgetfulness, and trouble gripping things.[11]
Variants
JP-8+100 (F-37) is a variant of JP-8 augmented with the additive Spec-Aid 8Q462, also known as Aeroshell Performance Additive 101, created by BetzDearborn (now
F-35 is a variant without icing inhibitor. The only requried additive is a static dissipater.[6]
JP-8+100LT is a variant of JP-8+100, with additives to facilitate low-temperature performance. It is considered as a logistically friendly low-cost replacement of the JPTS fuel for the Lockheed U-2 airplane.[13]
F-24 is commercial
F-27 is F-24 with the +100 additive package.[14]
JP-8+225 is a planned variant of JP-8 that increases thermal stability by 225 °F (125 °C). Such a fuel would match the thermal stability of JP-7 and become a lower-cost replacement should it exist.[18]
See also
- Aviation fuel
- JP-4
- JP-5
- JP-6
- JP-7
- JPTS
References
- ^ "The History of Jet Fuel". archive.org. BP. 18 October 2012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Chapter 15: Fuels, Oils, Lubricants and Petroleum Handling Equipment: Military Fuels and the Single Fuel Concept". Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ the M1 Abrams series of battle tanks uses JP fuel in its gas turbine engine
- ^ Modern Burner Units Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, JP-8 is used by Army Food Service Specialists (cooks) to fuel MBUs, in accordance with U.S. Army Field Feeding Manual FM 10-23
- ^ Babington Airtronic Burner Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine burns JP-8 and other distillate fuels, and is the current common heat source for Marine Corps food service equipment.
- ^ a b MIL-DTL-83133J.
- ^ "The Reality of the Single-Fuel Concept". www.globalsecurity.org.
- ^ McKee, Heather; Fernandes, Gerald; Fuschetto, Jerry; Filipi, Zoran; Assanis, Dennis (2005-12-07). "Impact of Military JP-8 Fuel on Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions #ADA573594".
- ^ Day, Dwayne A. "Aviation Fuel". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
- ^ "Exposure to jet fuel, not just noise, contributes to hearing problems". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. March 20, 2014. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
- ^ Ronald K. Kendall; Ernest Smith; Leslie B. Smith; Roger L. Gibson (August 2001). "JP-8 Final Risk Assessment" (PDF). Texas Tech University. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
- ^ MIL-DTL-83133F DETAIL SPECIFICATION TURBINE FUEL, AVIATION, KEROSENE TYPE, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATO F-37). From https://quicksearch.dla.mil/Transient/19C031269152438C816A666C97F37F4A.pdf
- ^ a b Simms, Christian G. (March 2001). "JP-8+100LT: A low cost replacement of JPTS as the primary fuel for the U-2 aircraft?" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2013.
- ^ a b MIL-STD-3004-1 w/CHANGE 1, available from https://quicksearch.dla.mil/Transient/230B5DB336074B18A1E558D105636331.pdf
- ^ "USMC POLICY ON CONVERTING CONUS AVIATION AND GROUND/TACTICAL EQUIPMENT FROM JP-8 TO F-24". www.marines.mil.
- ^ Paul J. Kern; Walker Mills; Erik Limpaecher; Matt Santoli; Ben Flanagan (29 June 2021). "An Albatross Around the US Military's Neck: The Single Fuel Concept and the Future of Expeditionary Energy". Modern War Institute.
- ^ Morris, Robert W. Jr; Shardo, James R.; Marcum, Grady; Lewis, William K.; Wrzesinski, Paul J.; Bunker, Christopher E. (2018-01-01). "Characterization of an On-Spec, Commercial Grade, Jet A and A Near-Off-Spec Military F-24; Evaluation of +100 Thermal Stability Package". Defense Technical Information Center.
- .
External links
- MIL-DTL-83133 technical specifications (includes JP-8) United States Defense Energy Support Center
- MIL-DTL-46162 referee fuel Diesel and JP-8 United States Defense Energy Support Center
- Current United States Department of Defense Fuel Prices
- JP-8 Material Safety Data Sheet from Shell US Gas and Power