James Guthrie (minister)
James Guthrie | |
---|---|
Church | Lauder, Stirling (Church of the Holy Rude) |
Predecessor | Henry Guthrie[1] |
Successor | Henry Guthrie |
Orders | |
Ordination | Lauder (1642) |
Personal details | |
Died | 1661 Grassmarket, Edinburgh |
Denomination | Christian |
Spouse | Jane (imprisoned in Shetland) |
Children | two: William, Sophia |
Alma mater | University of St Andrews |
James Guthrie (c. 1612 – 1 June 1661), was a Scottish Presbyterian
James Guthrie was born about 1612 and said to be son of Guthrie of that ilk. He graduated with an M.A. from
He was deposed by the Assembly, 30 July following, for having joined in the Protestation against the lawfulness of that Assembly. He and others holding similar views thereupon formed a separate Church under the protection of
Early life and education
Guthrie, the eldest son of the
At this time Guthrie was an
First charge at Lauder
In 1642 he was ordained minister of
Political background
Engagers versus Remonstrants
The origin of the dispute goes back to the year 1647, when, after difficult and intricate negotiations, Charles was delivered up to the English Parliament, and after an attempt to escape from
Resolutioners versus Protestors
This breach was still further widened by an Act of the Scottish Parliament, known as the Act of Classes, which was passed on 23 January 1649, a week before Charles was beheaded. According to the act, the various ranks of Malignants or Engagers were declared incapable of holding any office of public trust or employment, whether in Church or in State. The first result of this Act was to throw the management of public affairs into the hands of those who were afterwards defeated by Cromwell at Dunbar in September 1650.[14] Following Dunbar there was some soul-searching to determine what had gone wrong. This led to the Western Remonstrance which was read before the government on 22 October 1650 at Stirling.[15] The Remonstrance was also considered by the Commission of Assembly starting on 25 November 1650.[16] Essentially God was considered to have withdrawn his favour due to Achan-like sin at a personal and a national level. They did not shy away from listing even the king's sins. The proposed remedy was repentance and purification.
Others took a different view and blamed the defeat at Dunbar on the purging of some 5000 able men from the army and therefore wanted the conditions for entry into the army relaxed.[17] On 14 December 1650, the Commission of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at Perth replied to a question from the government as to who would be allowed to fight in the army.[18] Following this reply the Parliament on 23 December 1650 passed its "Act of Levy" which in a contra-Gideon-like manner, expanded the list of those who would be allowed to fight.[19][20]
By and by, when the Engagers returned to power, the Act of Classes was repealed, and a new army was levied which, to a large extent, was officered and filled by men who were regarded as unfaithful to the Covenant. In favour of this proceeding, however, the Church, forsaking the higher sphere, issued certain Resolutions, which were strenuously protested against by a large and influential minority. Such was the origin of the controversy between the Resolutioners and Protesters, which raged with unabated animosity for many years.[14]
Those in favour of the loosening of the conditions for fighting were known as Resolutioners, a name derived from their approval of the resolutions of Commission and Parliament for the levy of 23 December.[21]
The Church of Scotland was now unhappily split into two contending sections. Old friends who had fought side by side in earlier days became opponents, and there was much bitterness and occasionally misrepresentations, due in some cases to misunderstandings, exaggerated reports or false rumours. Of the Resolutioners, Robert Douglas was, by head and shoulders, the acknowledged leader. His ministerial supporters included David Dickson, Robert Baillie, and James Wood. Among the Protesters the most outstanding ministers were James Guthrie, Samuel Rutherfurd, Andrew Cant, Patrick Gillespie, and John Livingstone; and, of the elders, Wariston and Sir John Cheisly; the two most strenuous fighters being Guthrie and Wariston.[21] Samuel Rutherford is known to have stayed with Guthrie in Stirling.[22]
Guthrie's political and theological views
From the first, Guthrie ranged himself amongst the Protesters, and, indeed, was generally regarded as one of their principal leaders.[23] By this time he had been translated to Stirling, where he had, as his colleague, Mr. Bennett, a man of kindred spirit, with whom, on the questions of the day, he was generally in agreement. Hew Scott's later edition says Guthrie came to Stirling around November 1650 although Kilpatrick discusses 1649.[6][24] Not satisfied with expressing in a letter to the Commission of Assembly their dissatisfaction with the aforesaid Resolutions, they continued to preach against them and to denounce them as involving the nation in sin. For this they were cited to appear before the Committee of Estates at Perth, where Charles II was now holding his Court, and, having done so, they refused to acknowledge the King's right to interfere with them in the discharge of their ministerial functions.[25]
- "This our protestation' they said, "we make, not from any disrespect to the King's Majesty or your Lordships' authority, nor from any purpose to decline or disobey the same in anything civil, but from the tender regard which we have and owe unto the liberties and privileges of the Church of Jesus Christ, which both the King's Majesty and your Lordships and we are in so solemn a way bound to maintain and preserve inviolable."[26]
In 1650 Guthrie treated General
The same meeting of commission which ordered Middleton's excommunication had passed a unanimous resolution authorising the acceptance of the military services of all but "obstinate" enemies of the covenant. Guthrie and his colleague,
A conference between "resolutioners" and "protesters" at Edinburgh was rendered abortive by the attitude of Guthrie and Warriston. At a riot in Stirling on the election (1656) of a successor to Bennett, Guthrie was attacked with stones by "resolutioners". Kirk Session records from the time still survive.[30] Both parties appealed to Cromwell in London in 1656. The champion of the "resolutioners" was James Sharp, afterwards archbishop, whose arguments led Cromwell to refuse the plea of the "protesters" for a commission in their favour. Cromwell assured the "protesters" that he was "for monarchical government, and that in the person of the king";[28] yet there is no doubt that Guthrie's insistence on the king's rights injured his chances. The cause of the "protesters" was further weakened by the defection of some of them (including Menzies) to independency, a development which increased Guthrie's opposition to Cromwell's government.[28]
After the Restoration
The Restoration rendered the prospects of the "protesters" hopeless. Guthrie and nine others met in Edinburgh (23 August 1660) and drew up a "humble petition" to the king setting forth their loyalty, and reminding him of his obligations as a covenanter. The meeting was ordered to disperse, and as the warning was unheeded arrests were made. Guthrie was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle. On 25 September his stipend was sequestrated. He was transferred to Dundee on 20 October, and thence to Stirling, where he remained till his trial. On 20 February 1661 he was arraigned for high treason before the parliament, Middleton presiding as commissioner. The indictment had six counts.[28]
The charges against Guthrie were six in number: (1) His contriving, consenting to, and exhibiting before the Committee of Estates the paper called The Western Remonstrance. (2) His contriving, writing, and publishing the abominable pamphlet called "The Causes of God's wrath."[31] (3) His contriving, writing and subscribing the paper called "The Humble Petition," of the 23 of August last, when he was apprehended. (4) His convocating of the King's lieges at several times, without warrant or authority, to the disturbance of the peace of the State and of the Church. (5) His refusal, by appeal and protest presented at Perth, to acknowledge the King as judge in certain matters. (6) Some treasonable expressions alleged to have been used by him in a meeting, in 1650 or 1651.[32]
On 20 February 1661, his indictment being read, Guthrie delivered an excellent speech, which may be found in Wodrow's History.[33] Expressing the hope that the Lord Commissioner (Middleton, who was known to have a grudge against him) would "patiently and without interruption" hear him, he reminded his judges that the law of God, referred to in the indictment, is the supreme law, not only of religion, but also of righteousness, and that all laws and Acts of Parliament are to be understood and expounded in the light of our solemn vows and covenants.[34]
The contriving of the "western remonstrance" and the rejection of the king's ecclesiastical authority were, from a legal point of view, the most formidable charges. In the preparation of his defence he surprised his counsel by the accuracy of his knowledge of Scots law. The trial was not concluded until 11 April. Guthrie's closing appeal made a strong impression. Several members withdrew; but only Tweeddale spoke in his favour, proposing banishment in place of the extreme penalty. On 28 May parliament ordered him to be hanged at the cross of Edinburgh on 1 June, in company with William Govan, an obscure deserter.[28] Robert Traill, at the age of nineteen, stood beside Guthrie, his father's friend, on the scaffold.[35] Guthrie's farewell letter (1 June 1661) to his wife shows great strength of character. At eleven o'clock the same day he signed a paper to dispose of the rumour that he was willing to retract. At dinner he called for cheese, saying his physicians had forbidden it, but he was beyond the need of such precautions. He spoke at the scaffold for about an hour, leaving a copy of his speech to be given to his son when he came of age. He is also reported to have left his ring with his niece.[36] Opportunities of escape, he said, he had rejected, as flight might be taken as an admission of guilt. At the last moment he "raised the napkin from his eyes",[28] and lifted up his voice for the covenants. His head was fixed on the Nether Bow port.[37]
- The legend runs that, a few weeks later, drops of blood fell from it on to Middleton's coach, making a new cover necessary, as "all the art of man could not wash out" the indelible stains.[37] In 1688 Alexander Hamilton, a divinity student (died 29 January 1738, minister of Stirling), removed the head and buried it. The headless trunk was laid out by "ladies of quality",[37] who dipped their handkerchiefs in the blood, George Stirling pouring "a phial of fragrant ointment" on the corpse;[37] it was interred in the aisle of St. Giles' Church.[37]
Legacy
Guthrie's age at death was "about 49".[40] He is celebrated as one of the first of the martyrs of the covenant, James Renwick being one of the last. The two are thus commemorated in the inscription upon the 'martyrs' monument' in the Greyfriars' churchyard, Edinburgh, the Westminster Abbey of Scotland:
- But as for them, no cause was to be found
- Worthy of death but only they were found,
- Constant and steadfast, zealous witnessing
- For the Prerogatives of CHRIST their KING
- Which Truths were seal'd by famous Guthrie's head,
- And all along to Mr. Renwick's blood,
- They did endure the wrath of enemies
- Reproaches, torments, deaths and injuries
- But yet they're those who from such troubles came
- And now triumph in glory with the LAMB.
The monument marks Renwick's burial-place, being fixed to the wall close to the spot where criminals were interred.[41]
The Scottish parliament reversed the attainder on 22 July 1690. His name ("famous Guthrie's head") is commemorated in the rude lines on the "martyrs' monument" in
Works
Guthrie published:[37]
- The Causes of the Lord's Wrath, 1653
- Protesters no Subverters, Edinburgh, 1658, 4to.
- Some Considerations contributing unto the Discoverie of the Dangers that threaten Religion, Edinburgh, 1660, 12mo; reprinted, Glasgow, 1738, 8vo.
- Sermon (his last) at Stirling (Matt. xiv. 22), 1660 (not seen); reprinted as A Cry from the Dead, &c., Glasgow, 1738, 8vo.
Posthumous publications of his work:[37]
- Two Speeches … before the Parliament, 1661, 4to.
- True and Perfect Speech … before his Execution, 1661, 4to.
- A Treatise of Ruling Elders and Deacons, Edinburgh, 1699, 24mo.
- A Cry from the Dead Glasgow, 1738
- The Great Danger of Backsliding … from Covenanted Reformation-Principles: a Sermon dated 21 April 1660, with Guthrie's speech before Parliament, Edinburgh, 1739.
- Sermons, Edinburgh, 1846, 12mo.
Bibliography
- Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scoticanæ[42]
- Howie's Biographia Scoticana (1775), edition of 1862 (Scots Worthies), pp. 397 sq. (portrait);
- Roe's Supplement to Life of Blair (1754), edition of 1844, p. 122;
- Laing's Hist. of Scotland, 1804, iv. 18;
- Life by Thomson, 1846;[43]
- Grub's Eccl. Hist. of Scotland, 1861, vol. iii.;[44]
- Anderson's Ladies of the Covenant, 1862, pp. 44 sq.;[45]
- Anderson's Scottish Nation, 1872, ii. 388 sq.;[46]
- Kerr's Sermons in Times of Persecution, 1880, p. 264.
- Greyfriars Burials;
- Baillie's Lett. ;
- Acts of Pari., vi. ii. 641, 642, 644, 647, 648, vii. app. 15, 34–60, 74, 416, ix. 217 ;
- Lamont's Diary, 11, 45, 126, 131, 137;
- Nicol's Diary;
- Reg. Sec. Sig., 8 Feb. 1666 ;
- Dictionary of National Biography.;
- Hewison's Covenanters, ii., 189 ;
- Wodrow's Hist., i. (portrait), 159-196 ;
- Thomson's Lauderdale, 100-6 ;
- Watson's The Two Guthries.
Family
Guthrie married Jane, daughter of Ramsay of Shielhill, who survived him, with an only son, William (who died on the eve of his license for the ministry) and a daughter, Sophia. The widow and daughter after being brought before the privy council on 8 February 1666, on a charge of possessing a treasonable book, and sentenced to banishment, were permitted, on 15 January 1669, to return to Edinburgh for a month, in consequence of the son's illness.[37]
References
- ^ Kilpatrick 1955, p. 178.
- ^ Kilpatrick 1955, p. 184.
- ^ Forrester 1947, p. 127-128.
- ^ Carslaw 1907, p. 191-195.
- ^ Kilpatrick 1955, p. 177-188.
- ^ a b Scott 1923, p. 318.
- ^ Scott 1923, p. 319.
- ^ Carslaw 1907.
- ^ a b Rogers 1871, p. 40.
- ^ Gordon 1890, p. 377.
- ^ Kilpatrick 1955, p. 177.
- ^ Gordon 1890, pp. 377, 378.
- ^ Carslaw 1907, p. 141-142.
- ^ a b Carslaw 1907, p. 142-143.
- ^ Johnston & Fleming 1919, p. xix.
- ^ Christie 1909, p. 123-124.
- ^ Douglas 1964, p. 69.
- ^ Christie 1909, p. 159-166.
- ^ Hay, David. "Act of Levy". Retrieved 22 July 2019.
- ^ Johnston & Fleming 1919, p. xxxvi.
- ^ a b Johnston & Fleming 1919, p. xxxix.
- ^ Wodrow & Leishman 1842, p. 90.
- ^ Hewison 1913b, p. 1-99.
- ^ Kilpatrick 1955, p. 179.
- ^ Carslaw 1907, p. 143.
- ^ Carslaw 1907, p. 144.
- ^ Christie 1909, p. 90-91.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gordon 1890, p. 378.
- ^ a b Guthrie & Bennett 1651.
- ^ Ronald 1899, p. 72-77, 367-376.
- ^ Johnston, Guthrie & Gillespie 1732.
- ^ Carslaw 1907, p. 191-192.
- ^ Wodrow & Burns 1828–1830, p. 164-169.
- ^ Carslaw 1907, p. 192.
- ^ Johnston 1887.
- ^ a b Smith 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gordon 1890, p. 379.
- ^ Smellie 1903, p. 72.
- ^ Smith 2015.
- ^ Gordon 1890, p. 379 cites Hew Scott
- ^ Gordon 1890, p. 25.
- ^ Scott 1923, p. 318-319.
- ^ Thomson 1846, p. 141.
- ^ Grub 1861, p. 149.
- ^ Anderson 1851, p. 111-118.
- ^ Anderson 1877, p. 388-389.
Sources
- Anderson, James (1851). The ladies of the Covenant. Memoirs of distinguished Scottish female characters, embracing the period of the Covenant and the persecution. New York: Redfield. pp. 111–118. Retrieved 15 February 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Anderson, William (1877). "Guthrie, James". The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland. Vol. 2. A. Fullarton & co. pp. 388–389. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Baillie, Robert; Laing, David (1841–1842a). The letters and journals of Robert Baillie ... M.DC.XXXVII.-M.DC.LXII. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: R. Ogle. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- Baillie, Robert; Laing, David (1841–1842b). The letters and journals of Robert Baillie ... M.DC.XXXVII.-M.DC.LXII. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: R. Ogle. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- Baillie, Robert; Laing, David (1841–1842c). The letters and journals of Robert Baillie ... M.DC.XXXVII.-M.DC.LXII. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: R. Ogle. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- Blair, Robert (1754). Memoirs of the life of Mr. Robert Blair. Edinburgh: Printed by David Paterson. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- Blair, Robert; M'Crie, Thomas (1848). The life of Mr. Robert Blair, minister of St. Andrews, containing his autobiography, from 1593-1636 : with supplement of his life and continuation of the history of the times, to 1680. Edinburgh: Wodrow Society. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- Brodie, Alexander; Laing, David (1863). The diary of Alexander Brodie of Brodie, MDCLII-MDCLXXX. and of his son, James Brodie of Brodie, MDCLXXX-MDCLXXXV. consisting of extracts from the existing manuscripts, and a republication of the volume printed at Edinburgh in the year 1740. Aberdeen: Printed for the Spalding club. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- Carslaw, William Henderson (1907). Six martyrs of the Scottish reformation. Paisley: A. Gardner, publisher by appointment to the late Queen Victoria. pp. 126–161, 191–195. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas (1857). A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. New ed., rev. under the care of the publishers. With a supplementary volume, continuing the biographies to the present time. Vol. 4. Glasgow: Blackie. pp. 553–556. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
- Christie, James (1909). The records of the commissions of the general assembly of the Church of Scotland holden in Edinburgh in the years 1650-1652. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society. pp. 159–166. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
- Douglas, J. D. (1964). Light in the north : the story of the Scottish Covenanters (PDF). W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. pp. 69–97. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- Fleming, David Hay (1904). The story of the Scottish covenants in outline. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. p. xii. Retrieved 17 July 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Forrester, D. M. (1947). Archibald Johnston of Wariston, especially as in his diaries. Scottish Church History Society. pp. 127–141. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- Gordon, Alexander (1890). . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 377–379. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Grub, George (1861). An ecclesiastical history of Scotland : from the introduction of Christianity to the present time. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. pp. 149–176. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
- Guthrie, James; Bennett, David (28 February 1651). "Protestation by Mr James Guthrie and Mr David Bennett of 22 February and presented to the committee upon the 28 February thereafter At Perth, 22 February 1651". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012.
- Guthrie, James (1653). Causes of the Lord's Wrath against Scotland.
- Hewison, James King (1913a). The Covenanters. Vol. 1 (Revised and Corrected ed.). Glasgow: John Smith and son.
- Hewison, James King (1913b). The Covenanters. Vol. 2. Glasgow: John Smith and son.
- Howie, John; Carslaw, W. H. (1870). "James Guthrie". The Scots worthies. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. pp. 257–268. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Irving, Joseph (1881). The book of Scotsmen eminent for achievements in arms and arts, church and state, law, legislation, and literature, commerce, science, travel, and philanthropy. Paisley: A. Gardner. p. 187. Retrieved 11 July 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Johnston, Archibald, Lord Warriston; Guthrie, James (1653). Causes of the Lords wrath against Scotland, manifested in his sad late dispensations : Whereunto is added a paper, particularly holding forth the sins of the ministery. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Johnston, Archibald, Lord Warriston; Guthrie, James; Gillespie, George (1732). Causes of the Lord's wrath against Scotland : manifested in his sad late dispensations. Whereunto is added a paper, particularly holding forth the sin. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Johnston, Archibald, Lord Warriston; Paul, George Morison (1896). Fragment of the Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston, Lord Wariston. (May 21-June 25 1639), The preservation of the honours of Scotland, 1651–52, Lord Mar's Legacies, 1722–27, Letters concerning Highland affairs in the 18th century. Vol. 26. Edinburgh: Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Johnston, Archibald, Lord Warriston; Paul, George Morison (1911). Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston (Volume 1: 1632-1639). 1. Vol. 61. Edinburgh: Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Johnston, Archibald, Lord Warriston; Fleming, David Hay (1919). Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston (Volume 2: 1650-1654). 2. Vol. 18. Edinburgh: Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. - Johnston, Archibald, Lord Warriston; Ogilvie, James D. (1940). Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston (Volume 3: 1655-1660). 3. Vol. 34. Edinburgh: Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Johnston, John C. (1887). Treasury of the Scottish covenant. Andrew Elliot. p. 377.
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- Scott, Hew (1923). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 4. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 318–319. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Smellie, Alexander (1903). "The Short Man Who Could Not Bow". Men of the Covenant : the story of the Scottish church in the years of the Persecution (2 ed.). New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. pp. 70–80. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- Smith, Stirling (2014). "Reverend James Guthrie's Ring". A History of the World. BBC. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- Smith, Stirling (2015). "The Stirling Smith Girl - Marie Louise Wrightson". Stirling Smith Blog. The Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- Sprott, George Washington (1894). Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 352–354. . In
- Thomson, Thomas (1846). Lives of Alexander Henderson and James Guthrie : with specimens of their writings. Edinburgh: Free Church : Printed for the Assembly's Committee. pp. 141–285. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
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- Wodrow, Robert; Burns, Robert (1828–1830). The history of the sufferings of the church of Scotland from the restoration to the revolution, with an original memoir of the author, extracts from his correspondence, and preliminary dissertation. Vol. 1. Glasgow: Blackie, Fullarton & co., and Edinburgh: A. Fullarton & co. p. 159. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
- Wodrow, Robert; Leishman, Matthew (1842). Analecta: or, Materials for a history of remarkable providences; mostly relating to Scotch ministers and Christians. Vol. 3. Glasgow: Maitland Club. pp. 92–104. Retrieved 8 July 2019.