Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander

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Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander
Companion of the Order of the Bath

Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander CB (1 November 1855 – 10 February 1918) was a Natal-born soldier and colonial official in Southern Africa. Colenbrander served with the Natal Mounted Police and the Stanger Mounted Rifles, seeing action in the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War. During the war Colenbrander negotiated the surrender of Zulu Inkosi (chief) Zibhebhu kaMaphitha and afterwards worked for him as a secretary and gunrunner. He fought for Zibhebhu during the 1883–1884 Third Zulu Civil War but lost all his trade goods and cattle when Zibhebhu was defeated.

Colenbrander worked as a trader in

Boer Commando of Christiaan Frederik Beyers
. Colenbrander died in 1918 during filming of a movie about the Zulu War.

Early life

The National Archives of Rhodesia and a publication by the University of Natal give Colenbrander's birth date as 1 November 1855, though other sources give the year as 1856 or 1857.[1][2][3][4] He was born in Pinetown in the British Colony of Natal, the fourth son of Dutch-born parents Theodorus Christiaan Colenbrander and Geraldine Nicolene van Groll.[1][2] Colenbrander's parents had emigrated from Java in the Dutch East Indies to Natal in 1854 after their indigo plantation had failed.[5] They established an indigo plantation at Pine Town and in 1857 established another and a coffee plantation near Unhlali, which grew into the settlement of New Guelderland.[5][6] Colenbrander grew up in New Guelderland, looked after by a Zulu nurse from whom he became fluent in the Zulu language.[2][7] In his youth became recognised as one of the best marksmen and horsemen in Southern Africa.[8][2]

Zululand

A depiction of the 1879 encounter

Colenbrander joined the Natal Mounted Police, an all-white militarised colonial police force, in 1870.[8] When the Stanger Mounted Rifles, a colonial volunteer military unit, was founded in 1875 he transferred to that unit.[4] During the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War he saw action at the 22 January Battle of Inyezane and the 2 April Battle of Gingindlovu.[4][2] At the latter battle he met John Robert Dunn, a British settler in Zululand who had been made a chief by Cetshwayo, the king of the Zulu.[2]

Colenbrander became Dunn's secretary in the later stages of the war and negotiated the surrender of Zulu

Washington Post correspondent an account of his service for Zibhebhu in defeating a raid from a neighbouring Zulu chief in 1879. Colenbrander said that he led a force of 17 mounted Zulu, that he had personally trained, against a force of 300 warriors. He stated that he killed 17 Zulu that day and while alone riding down the survivors was attacked by a single warrior. He was struck on the head by a war axe and, falling from his horse, broke his rifle. Colenbrander said he suffered another wound to his hands in warding of an assegai thrust and was struck three or four times again on the head, leaving the weapon embedded in his skull. He then struck the Zulu with the spur on his boot, bringing him to the ground, and releasing the assegai which he used to stab the warrior. Colenbrander then tried to mount his horse when the Zulu, who had survived, leapt to his feat and struck Colenbrander on the back of the head as he dived from the horse. Grappling together on the ground Colenbrander said he was able to use the bent assegai blade to kill the Zulu. He treated the wounds with disinfectant from his store and said that eight days later was in action again against another raid. The encounter left him with a 7 inches (180 mm) long scar down his left temple and cheek.[9]

With Dunn in July 1882 he helped quell a rebellion by Sitimela. Sitimela claimed to be a grandson of

Mthethwa Paramountcy in Zulu territory.[10][11] A contemporary report in the London Daily News claimed Colenbrander took pleasure in shooting down Sitimela's supporters, including a number of women, and that he was unfit to play a part in the governance of Zululand.[12] In 1883 Colenbrander married Maria "Mollie" Mullins of Verulam.[5] Mullins was a capable horserider, an accurate shot with a rifle and fluent in Zulu; she accompanied Colenbrander on many of his frontier expeditions.[13][8]

During the 1883–1884

Dinuzulu. As a result of the defeat Colenbrander lost all his cattle and trade goods.[4]

Rhodesia

Colenbrander then worked for a period as a trader in

Swaziland before moving to Mashonaland upon which the British South Africa Company (BSAC) had territorial ambitions (the BSAC territory later became known as Rhodesia).[4] Mashonaland was ruled, along with Matabeleland by Lobengula of the Northern Ndebele people. Colenbrander worked with Lobengula as an interpreter and accompanied two of his inDuna (lesser chiefs) to England in February 1889 for an audience with Queen Victoria. They left to return to Africa in early April.[14] Colenbrander was appointed BSAC resident at Bulawayo, Matabeleland in 1889.[15] He accompanied the Pioneer Column that annexed Mashonaland for the BSAC in 1890 and, after a brief stint in Cape Town, returned to Matabeleland with Mollie.[16]

A depiction of Colenbrander with BSAC volunteers during the First Matabele War

Although he was an employee of the BSAC, Colenbrander won the trust of Lobengula, such that the King allowed him to represent the kingdom in negotiations with the company. Colenbrander's loyalty lay entirely with the company and he worked to assist Leander Starr Jameson in portraying the Ndebele as aggressors in reports to British officials, giving the company cause to start the First Matabele War.[17] The company was victorious in the 1893–1894 war, during which Colenbrander served as a scout for military expeditions, alongside Frederick Russell Burnham.[18] The war brought Matebeleland under full BSAC control. The British authorities insisted on the establishment of a Matabeleland Land Commission to create native reserves for the Ndebele people and Colenbrander was appointed its head. BSAC policy was to force the Ndebele away from their traditional self-sufficient lifestyle and into wage slavery. The allocation of land was made in support of this goal and a hut tax, illegal under British colonial law, was also imposed. Colenbrander assigned the Ndebele a reserve of 6,500 square miles (17,000 km2), significantly smaller than the 10,000–11,000 square miles (26,000–28,000 km2) of prime territory (with additional areas of wasteland) the Ndebele had previously occupied. Some of the land assigned by the commission was blighted by the Tsetse fly.[19]

Colenbrander occasionally commanded

market capitalisation of £280,000 (equivalent to £40,852,252 in 2023).[25][26] The company was sold to Frank Johnson's Rhodesia Consolidated in 1903.[27]

Dissatisfied with their reserve and the hut tax the Ndebele rose against BSAC in the 1896

Coloured mercenary unit, known as the Cape Boys, and, with Cecil Rhodes, helped negotiate the surrender of the Ndebele chiefs.[28][29] After the war Colenbrander remained in the territory, working as a cattle dealer, labour recruiter, mining claims inspector and manager of Redrup's Kop Mine.[28]

Second Boer War

During the

Christian Frederick Beyers. He remained at Warmbaths to keep the Boer military forces in the area under observation.[31][32][33]

By December 1901 he held the rank of

Kgatla people to stand down a war party of 2,000 warriors who were attempting to recapture livestock taken by Boer General Jan Kemp. Colenbrander was concerned that Linchwe's men posed a threat to Boer women and children.[34] In February 1902 Colenbrander's column was ordered south, which allowed Beyers to raid Pietersburg. Afterwards Colenbrander was ordered to Rustenburg to search for Beyers.[35] Beyers besieged Fort Edward near Louis Trichardt and it was almost forced to surrender, its water supply being cut off. Colenbrander learnt of the attack and moved from Krugersdorp to launch a surprise dawn attack on the besiegers on 29 March, driving them off with three dead and four taken prisoner. Colenbrander afterwards followed Beyers to Pylkop.[36]

On 8 April he launched a successful attack on Beyers' position at

Companion of the Order of the Bath on 26 June 1902 for his war service.[39] After the war's end Colenbrander agreed to purchase from the British Army around 11,000 surplus horses, for a total in excess of £80,000 (equivalent to £10,970,364 in 2023). Three thousand of the horses died and Colenbrander was unable to pay £30,000 (equivalent to £4,113,887 in 2023) of the contracted price and was forced to declare bankruptcy.[40]

Later life

A 1911 photograph of Colenbrander

Colenbrander's first wife died in 1900 and he married Yvonne Nunn in 1902.[5] He had one daughter, Geraldine, before Nunn died in 1904.[41] Colenbrander lived with Geraldine in Boston, United States, from 1909.[42] He was employed by the Middlebury-Vermont Marble Company, with contemporary reports describing him as having "considerable experience in England as a quarry owner".[43][44]

Colenbrander returned to England in April 1911 penniless, his passage provided for by the British consulate in

Bow Street Magistrates' Court on 10 May 1911 after the magistrate decided that on the basis on evidence heard no jury would convict Colenbrander.[47] Colenbrander married Catherine Gloster in 1911, with whom he had a son, John; Catherine died in 1982.[5][41] After the court case Colenbrander returned to South Africa, funded by BSAC, but enjoyed little financial success.[7]

Colenbrander as Lord Chelmsford in Symbol of Sacrifice, shortly before his death

In 1918 Colenbrander worked on the filming of Symbol of Sacrifice, about the Anglo-Zulu War. He served as a historical advisor and as an actor, portraying the British commander Lord Chelmsford.[48] One scene depicted the British force crossing the Tugela River at the start of the campaign. The Klip River stood in for the Tugela in a scene filmed at Henley on Klip, Transvaal. The river was in flood when the scene was shot on 10 February and the film's producer, I.W. Schlesinger tried to dissuade Colenbrander from attempting the crossing.[5][2][48] Colenbrander insisted on continuing with the scene as written.[48] His horse lost its footing and he was thrown into the river. He attempted to swim to the bank but was drowned, alongside two other actors, in a sequence caught on camera.[49][50] Colenbrander's body was not recovered.[51]

The drownings, which happened on a Sunday, were mentioned in a South African House of Assembly debate as part of an argument against filming taking place on the Christian Sabbath.[48] The loss of Colenbrander seems to have led to Chelmsford being relegated to the role of a minor character in the final version of the film, which was released later that year.[52]

Some of Colenbrander's papers and correspondence are in the collection of the

Yale Library, the National Archives of Zimbabwe and the Killie Campbell Library in Natal.[3][41] Some physical artefacts belonging to Colenbrander are held by the South Mill Arts centre in Bishop's Stortford, England.[41] John Colenbrander gathered material on his father which was used for a biography begun by Frederick de Bertodano, 8th Marquis del Moral in the 1950s and completed by Tom V. Bulpin after the Marquis' death. It was published in 1961 under the title The White Whirlwind.[41]

References

  1. ^ a b Baxter, T. W.; Burke, Eric Edward (1970). Guide to the Historical Manuscripts in the National Archives of Rhodesia. Salisbury, Rhodesia: National Archives of Rhodesia. p. 85.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-86980-880-1
    .
  3. ^ a b "Colenbrander, Johan William, (1856–1918), frontiersman". National Archives. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8108-6300-2
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-9556554-4-9
    .
  6. ^ "Mr Coqui in the Natal Mercury of March 1856". The Morning Chronicle. 26 February 1857. p. 3.
  7. ^ a b ""Movie" Stunt Ends Stormy Life of Col. Colenbrander". The Washington Post. 4 March 1918. p. 6. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-86920-112-1
    .
  9. ^ "The Man That Zulu Spears Could Not Kill". The Washington Post. 30 April 1911. p. 5.
  10. ISBN 978-0-86852-006-3
    .
  11. ^ Votes and Proceedings. Pietermaritzburg, Natal: Legislative Council. 1881. p. 2.
  12. ^ "The Zulu Settlement". Daily News. 5 September 1882. p. 6. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  13. ^ African Review. Vol. 31. African Review Publishing Company. 1902. p. 295.
  14. ^ Rhodesia, National Archives of; Baxter, T. W.; Burke, Eric Edward (1970). Guide to the Historical Manuscripts in the National Archives of Rhodesia. Salisbury, Rhodesia: National Archives of Rhodesia. p. 288.
  15. ISBN 978-9982-24-052-9
    .
  16. ^ "The War-Cloud in South Africa". The Graphic: An Illustrated Weekly Newspaper. 30 September 1893. p. 21.
  17. ISBN 978-0-520-36537-7
    .
  18. ^ "Sherlock Holmes of All Outdoors". Daily Arkansas Gazette. 26 March 1911. p. 48.
  19. ISBN 978-0-86543-929-0
    .
  20. ^ "The Colonies and India". 21 July 1894. p. 9.
  21. ^ a b Outpost: Stories of the Police of Rhodesia. Cape Town, South Africa: Books of Africa. 1970. p. 44.
  22. ^ "Trekking in British South Africa". Manchester Weekly Times and Examiner. 19 April 1895. p. 12.
  23. ^ "Colonial Service and Gossip". The Colonies and India. 20 April 1895. p. 10.
  24. ^ "Cosmopolitan Notes". The Colonies and India. 18 May 1895. p. 7.
  25. ^ "The Week's Finance". The Colonies and India. 15 June 1895. p. 32.
  26. ^ "Commercial Notes". The Western Daily Press. 3 July 1895. p. 6.
  27. ^ Stock Exchange Year-book. 1906. p. 1417.
  28. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-08641-7
    .
  29. ^ "No. 26830". The London Gazette. 9 March 1897. p. 1392.
  30. ^ "No. 27331". The London Gazette. 20 August 1901. p. 4546.
  31. ^ "No. 27382". The London Gazette. 3 December 1901. p. 8538.
  32. ^ "No. 27347". The London Gazette. 9 July 1901. p. 4539.
  33. ^ "No. 27398". The London Gazette. 17 January 1902. p. 368.
  34. ^ "No. 27408". The London Gazette. 18 February 1902. p. 1033.
  35. ^ "No. 27419". The London Gazette. 25 March 1902. p. 2061.
  36. ^ "No. 27443". The London Gazette. 17 June 1902. p. 3969.
  37. ^ "No. 27455". The London Gazette. 18 July 1902. p. 4588.
  38. ^ "No. 27455". The London Gazette. 18 July 1902. p. 4589.
  39. ^ "No. 11421". The Edinburgh Gazette. 27 June 1902. p. 647.
  40. ^ "Our War Methods". The Daily Telegraph. 6 August 1904. p. 9.
  41. ^ a b c d e "Archive of the Colenbrander family". Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  42. ^ "Noted Soldier in the Toils". St. Albans Daily Messenger. 27 April 1911. p. 1.
  43. ^ "To Develop Marble Property". Rutland Daily Herald. 10 July 1909. p. 5.
  44. ^ "To Inspect Properties". Rutland Daily Herald. 15 July 1909. p. 2.
  45. ^ "Col. Colenbrander Dead". The New York Times. 5 March 1918. p. 11.
  46. ^ "Famous Soldier is Accused in London". The Evening Mail. 28 April 1911. p. 1.
  47. ^ "Colonel Colenbrander Discharged". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 11 May 1911. p. 3.
  48. ^
    ISBN 978-1-135-12403-8
    .
  49. ISBN 978-0-19-879412-7
    .
  50. ISBN 978-1-4738-1331-1
    .
  51. ^ "Famous Scout Dead". The People. 17 February 1918. p. 4.
  52. S2CID 143079921
    .
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