Northern Ndebele people
Total population | |
---|---|
2,381,000 ~ (2023 estimate) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Traditional African religion | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Nguni people (especially Southern Ndebele), Swati/emaSwati people |
Ndebele | |
---|---|
Person | liNdebele |
People | amaNdebele |
Language | siNdebele |
The Northern Ndebele people (/ˌɛndəˈbɛli, -ˈbiːli, -leɪ/; EN-də-BE(E)L-ee, -ay; Northern Ndebele: amaNdebele) are a Nguni ethnic group native to Southern Africa. Significant populations of native speakers of the Northern Ndebele language (siNdebele) are found in Zimbabwe and in South Africa.
Regional classification
The Northern Ndebele language spoken by the Ndebele people of Zimbabwe is generally the same as the Northern Ndebele language spoken by the Ndebele people of South Africa with a few pronunciation and word meaning differences. Northern Ndebele spoken in Zimbabwe and Southern Ndebele (or Transvaal Ndebele) spoken in South Africa are separate but related languages with some degree of mutual intelligibility, although the former is more closely related to Zulu. Southern Ndebele, while maintaining its Nguni roots, has been influenced by the Sotho languages.[1]
Etymology
The Northern Ndebele, specifically the Khumalo (amaNtungwa) people under Mzilikazi, were originally named Matebele in English. This name is common in older texts because it is the name the British first heard from the Sotho and Tswana peoples.
In the early 19th century, the Ndebele invaded and lived in territories populated by
Early history
The Khumalos were caught between the Ndwandwe led by Zwide and the Zulus led by Shaka. To please the Ndwandwe tribe, the Khumalo chief Mashobane married the daughter of the Ndwandwe chief Zwide and sired a son, Mzilikazi. The Ndwandwes were closely related to the Zulus and spoke the same language, Nguni, using different dialects.[3]
When Mashobane did not tell Zwide about patrolling
When Zwide was defeated, Shaka acknowledged Mzilikazi's essential contributions of intelligence. Shaka himself placed the plumes on Mzilikazi's head and presented him with one of two ivory axes, the other being kept by Shaka.
The Khumalos returned in peace to their ancestral homeland. This peace lasted until Shaka asked Mzilikazi to punish a tribe to the north of the Khumalo, belonging to Raninsi a Sotho. After defeating Raninsi, Mzilikazi refused to hand over the cattle and land to Shaka. The history of the Ndebele of Zimbabwe began through that refusal and attempt to create a rival nation. Mzilikazi and his allies continued on to raid and occupy the chiefdoms of the Sotho people and the Southern Ndebele, who had been significantly weakened by the Dutch–Afrikaner settlers (Boers) from the Cape Colonies.
This happened during a turbulent period of civil conflict in Nguni and Sotho–Tswana history, known as the Mfecane ("the crushing" or "the scattering"). Mzilikazi's regiments moved north-west to the present-day provinces of Gauteng, Mpumalanga, North West, and Limpopo. A skilled militarical and political tactician, Mzilikazi attacked or subjugated the local tribes he found along the way, including the Khoi, Batswana, Bapedi, and the Ndebeles of Mpumalanga. In their land, between 1827 and 1832, Mzilikazi built three military strongholds. The largest was Kungwini, situated at the foot of the Wonderboom Mountains on the Apies River, just north of present-day Pretoria. Another was Dinaneni, north of the Hartbeespoort Dam, while the third was Hlahlandlela in the territory of the Fokeng near Rustenburg.
Mzilikazi and his allies also conquered and occupied the BaHurutshe, whose capital, Mosega, became their military headquarters. They built military strongholds at Tshwenyane, the Marico River, and eGabeni (Kapain), where they also built a sizeable settlement. During the Great Trek of 1836–1838, voortrekkers (Boers) arrived in Transvaal and found Mzilikazi the king of the region, and a threat to their advancement. They fought with him, losing in the first battle. In the second battle in 1837, the Boers (led by Potgieter, Maritz, and Uys) launched another attack on Mzilikazi's military stronghold at eGabeni at dawn. In a nine-day battle, they destroyed eGabeni and other Matabele camps along the Marico River.
Mzilikazi—realizing that the Ndebele, like the Sotho, did not stand a chance against the Boers, who were heavily armed with guns and rifles—decided to retreat with his regiments and loyalists from the Marico Valley. He moved to present-day
Ndebele kingdom
Mzilikazi chose a new headquarters on the western edge of the central plateau of modern-day Zimbabwe, leading some 20,000 Ndebele, descendants of the Nguni and Sotho of South Africa. He had invaded the Rozvi state and raided some of the Rozvi people (mostly women); the rest became satellite farming communities and were forced to pay tribute to the Northern Ndebele kingdom.
Mzilikazi called his new nation 'Mthwakazi', a Zulu word which means 'something which became big at conception' (Zulu: into ethe ithwasa yabankulu). Europeans called the territory 'Matebeleland'. Mzilikazi organized this ethnically diverse nation into a militaristic system of regimental towns and established his capital at Bulawayo.
In 1852, the Boer government in Transvaal made a treaty with Mzilikazi. Mzilikazi died on 9 September 1868, near Bulawayo. His son, Lobengula, succeeded him as king. Lobengula established a state that held sovereignty over the region between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers to the north and south and between the desert of the Makgadikgadi salt pans to the west and the Save River to the east.
In exchange for wealth and arms, Lobengula granted several concessions to the British, the most prominent of which was the 1888 Rudd Concession, which permitted British mining and colonisation of Zimbabwe and prohibited all Boer settlement in the country. This concession gave Cecil Rhodes exclusive mineral rights in much of the lands east of his main territory. As gold was already known to exist in that area, the concession enabled Rhodes to obtain a royal charter to form the British South Africa Company (BSAC) in 1889. As part of the agreement, BSAC would pay Lobengula 100 pounds a month, 1,000 rifles, 10,000 rounds of ammunition, and a riverboat. Lobengula had hoped that the Rudd Concession would diminish European incursions. However, as white settlers moved in, BSAC set up its government, made its laws, and set its sights on more mineral rights and territorial concessions.
The social organization of the Northern Ndebele language people was rigidly controlled by rules of service and hierarchy inherited from Shaka's reforms among the Zulu. Other subject peoples, such as in Mashonaland, were treated harshly; their lives and property were subject to the King's control and could be disrupted at any time by raids or exactions of tribute. This scene was presented to the British Pioneer Column when they arrived in Mashonaland in 1890.
First Matebele War
In August 1893,
The British were vastly outnumbered throughout the war, but their superior armaments, most notably the Maxim gun, proved too much for the Ndebele. In an attempt to reach a peace accord with the British, a band of Lobengula's warriors brought a large sum of gold to two BSAC soldiers to be delivered to their superiors. The two soldiers instead decided to keep the gold for themselves, and the incident went undiscovered for many months. Lobengula chose to escape; he was last seen crossing the Shangani River.
Second Matebele War
In March 1896, the Matebele revolted against the authority of the BSAC in what is now celebrated in
Umvukela Wesibili
In 1963, during the Umvukela Wesibili,[definition needed] a subset of the main rebel group, Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), split off and formed the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU).[5] Though these groups had a common origin, they gradually grew apart, with ZANU mainly recruiting from the Shona regions and ZAPU mainly recruiting from Ndebele regions.[6]
The
Gukurahundi
The Gukurahundi (Shona: "the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains"[7]) refers to the civil suppression by Zimbabwe's 5th Brigade in the predominantly Ndebele-speaking region of Matabeleland, most of whom were supporters of Joshua Nkomo and ZAPU.
The first commander of the Fifth Brigade was Colonel Perrance Shiri. The Fifth Brigade differed from all other Zimbabwean army units in that it was directly subordinate to the prime minister's office and not integrated into the regular army command structures. Their codes, uniforms, radios, and equipment were incompatible with other army units. Their most distinguishing feature in the field was their red berets.[6]
After several ZIPRA forces in Lupane and Matopos refused their tools, the Fifth Brigade conducted public executions of ex-ZIPRA soldiers, families, and supporters in the Lupane, Tsholotsho, and Matobo districts. Victims were often forced to re-initiation camps, but those who refused were executed and buried in mass graves. The initial number of executed Ndebeles was 2,800 in 1987; however, some recent[when?] politicians estimate 20,000. The largest number of dead in a single killing occurred on 5 March 1983, when 62 young men were shot on the banks of the Cewale River, Lupane;[8] seven survived with gunshot wounds, the other 55 died. The Fifth Brigade also killed large groups of people by burning them alive in huts, as they did in Tsholotsho and Lupane. They routinely rounded up dozens, or even hundreds, of civilians and marched them at gunpoint to a central place, such as a school or a borehole, where they would beat the civilians with sticks and force them to sing songs praising ZANU. These gatherings usually ended with public executions. Those killed included ex-ZIPRA guerrillas, ZAPU officials, and civilians perceived as dissidents.[citation needed]
Notable Ndebele
This article's list of people may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. (September 2021) |
- Mthuli Ncube – Zimbabwean Finance Minister and politician
- Sibusiso Moyo – former Zimbabwean Foreign Minister and 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état military leader
- Bulelani Khumalo – disputed and constitutionally unrecognised Ndebele King in Zimbabwe and in South Africa
- Trevor Ncube – Zimbabwean digital and print news content publisher
- Khayisa Nhlanhlayamangwe Ndiweni– Chief of the Matebele people of Ntabazinduna and Mbembezi (1939–2010)
- Nhlanhlayamangwe Felix Ndiweni – Chief of the Matebele people of Ntabazinduna and Mbembezi (2010–present) and politician
- Mimi. M Khayisa (Mimi Ndiweni)– actress
- Dumiso Dabengwa – politician
- Lovemore Majaivana – musician
- Lookout Masuku – leader of ZIPRA
- Alfred Nikita Mangena – first ZIPRA army commander
- Josiah Gumede – ceremonial president of Zimbabwe Rhodesia
- Mpumelelo Mbangwa– cricketer
- Jonathan Moyo – politician
- Busi Ncube – singer
- Pius Ncube – Archbishop of kwaBulawayo
- Welshman Ncube – politician
- Peter Ndlovu – footballer
- Mluleki Nkala – cricketer
- Joshua Nkomo – former Vice President of Zimbabwe and ZAPU leader
- Albert Nyathi – poet
- Gibson Sibanda – politician
- Jabulani Sibanda – politician
- Thenjiwe Lesabe – teacher, war hero, and political activist
- Cont Mhlanga – playwright, actor, and theatre director
- Sandra Ndebele – musician and politician
- Albert Nyathi – poet and musician
- Prince Dube – professional soccer player
- Tando Velaphi – professional soccer player
- Milton Ncube – professional soccer player
- Richard Hachiro – professional soccer player
References
- ^ Skhosana, Philemon Buti (2009). "3". The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2015.
- ^ Official Yearbook of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia, 1924
- ISBN 0-908300-00-X.
- ISBN 0-393-04770-9.
- ^ "Zimbabwe African National Union," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008, accessed 30 June 2008. Archived 1 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine Archived 2009-10-31.
- ^ a b "Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009. A report on the disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands 1980–1989"
- ^ a b Nyarota, Geoffrey. Against the Grain. p. 134.
- ^ "AfricaFiles | The Matabeleland Report: A lot to hide". Archived from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
Further reading
- Scouting on Two Continents by Major Frederick Russell Burnham, D.S.O. (1926). LC call number: DT775 .B8 1926.
- Migrant Kingdom: Mzilikazi's Ndebele in South Africa by R. Kent Rasmussen (1978).
- Mzilikazi of the Ndebele by R. Kent Rasmussen (1977).
- The Zulus and Matabele, Warrior Nations by Glen Lyndon Dodds, (1998).
- Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe by Steven C. Rubert and R. Kent Rasmussen (3rd ed., 2001).