Joseph Jenkins Roberts
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Joseph Jenkins Roberts | |
---|---|
Governor of Liberia | |
In office September 3, 1841 – January 3, 1848 | |
Preceded by | Thomas Buchanan |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Norfolk, Virginia, United States | March 15, 1809
Died | February 24, 1876 Monrovia, Liberia | (aged 66)
Resting place | Palm Grove Cemetery Monrovia |
Political party | Republican Party |
Spouses |
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Joseph Jenkins Roberts (March 15, 1809 – February 24, 1876) was an Americo-Liberian merchant who emigrated to Liberia in 1829, where he became a politician. Elected as the first (1848–1856) and seventh (1872–1876) president of Liberia after independence, he was the first man of African descent to govern the country, serving previously as governor from 1841 to 1848. He later returned to office following the 1871 Liberian coup d'état. Born free in Norfolk, Virginia, Roberts emigrated as a young man with his mother, siblings, wife, and child to the young West African colony. He opened a trading firm in Monrovia and later engaged in politics.
Early life
Joseph Jenkins Roberts was born free in
After receiving her freedom, Amelia moved and married James Roberts, a
Joseph Roberts and his siblings were estimated to be of seven-eighths
The family moved to Petersburg, an industrial city on the upper James River with a substantial population of free people of color. As a boy, Joseph began to work in his stepfather's business, handling goods on a flatboat that transported materials from Petersburg to Norfolk, Virginia on the James River.[4] Shortly after the family relocated, his stepfather James Roberts died. Joseph continued to work in his family's business, but also served as an apprentice in a barber shop. The owner of the barber shop, William Colson, was also a minister and one of Virginia's best-educated black residents. He gave Roberts access to his private library, which provided much of the youth's early education.[2]
Marriage and family
In 1828, Roberts married an 18-year-old woman named Sarah. They had an infant child whom they took with them when they emigrated the next year to the new colony of Liberia under the auspices of the American Colonization Society. Both Sarah and the child died in the first year of living in the colony.[5] There was a very high rate of mortality due to disease among settlers to the new colony.
Some time after his wife's death, Roberts married again, to Jane Rose Waring, in 1836 in Monrovia, Liberia.[6] She was a daughter of Colston Waring and Harriet Graves, other Virginians who had emigrated to the colony.[7]
Emigrating to Liberia
After hearing about the American Colonization Society's efforts in creating the colony of Liberia on the West African coast, Roberts decided to join a group of fellow Virginians preparing to leave for Monrovia, the capital of the young colony. Although Roberts was educated and a relatively successful merchant by the time he and his family emigrated, the restrictions in Virginia on free people of color played an important role in his decision.[8]
The Roberts family was deeply religious, and they felt called to evangelize the
Several years before leaving for Liberia, Roberts established a business with his friend William Nelson Colson from Petersburg. Known as Roberts, Colson, & Company, the partnership continued and even expanded after Roberts emigrated, exporting
During this time, Joseph's brother, John Wright Roberts, entered the ministry of the Liberian
In 1833, Joseph Roberts became
Two years later, after the death of governor Thomas Buchanan, Roberts was appointed as the first African-American governor of Liberia. Roberts’ skills as a diplomat and a politician soon became apparent. He became convinced that Liberia had the potential. Then the legislature called for a referendum, in which voters chose independence. On July 26, 1847, a group of eleven delegates declared Liberia independent. He won the first presidential election on October 5, 1847, and was sworn into office on January 3, 1848, with Nathaniel Brander as vice president.
First presidency (1848–1856)
Roberts was re-elected three more times to serve a total of eight years, until he lost the election in 1855 to Vice President Benson.[1]
Attempts to found a state based upon some 3,000 settlers proved difficult. Some coastal ethnic groups were
Foreign relations
Roberts spent the first year of his presidency attempting to attain recognition from the United States, where it was opposed mainly by southern congressmen, as well as several European nations with neighboring colonies. In 1848 he traveled to Europe to meet
The United States withheld recognition until February 5, 1862, during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Reportedly, the government had reservations over the political and social statuses of black diplomats in Washington, D.C. Soon after the recognition of Liberia's independence, slavery was abolished in Washington, D.C.
Relations with Indigenous Groups
In 1854 Maryland Colony, which was established adjacent to Liberia, declared its independence from the Maryland State Colonization Society but did not become part of the Republic of Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro rivers. In 1856, it requested military aid from Liberia in a war with the Grebo and Kru peoples. The latter were resisting the Maryland colonists' efforts to control their trade in slaves and other goods. Roberts assisted the Maryland colony, and a joint military campaign by the two groups of African-American colonists resulted in victory. In 1857, the year after Roberts left office for the first time, the Republic of Maryland joined Liberia as Maryland County.
During his presidency, Roberts expanded the borders of Liberia along the coast and made attempts to assimilate the indigenous people surrounding Monrovia into Americo-Liberian culture, largely through directed education and religious conversion.
Economy, nation building
The settlers built schools and Liberia College (which later became the University of Liberia). During these early years, agriculture, shipbuilding, and trade flourished.[citation needed]
Assessment
Roberts has been described as a talented leader with diplomatic skills. His leadership was instrumental in gaining independence and sovereignty for Liberia. Later in his career, his diplomatic skills helped him to deal effectively with the indigenous peoples and to maneuver in the complex field of international law and relations.[2]
Between presidencies
After his first presidency, Roberts served for fifteen years as a major general in the Liberian Army, as well as a diplomatic representative of the nation to France and Great Britain. In 1862, he co-founded Liberia College in Monrovia, where he served as its first president until 1876.[12] Roberts frequently traveled to the United States to raise funds for the college. Until his death, he held a professorship in jurisprudence and international law.[4]
Second presidency (1872–1876)
In 1871, President Edward James Roye was deposed by elements loyal to the Republican Party on the grounds that he was planning to cancel the upcoming elections. Roberts, one of the Republican Party's leaders, won the ensuing presidential election and returned to office in 1872. He served for two terms until 1876. While Roberts was incapacitated by illness from 1875 until early 1876, Vice President Anthony W. Gardiner served as acting president.
In the 1860s and 1870s, escalating economic difficulties weakened Monrovia's dominance over the coastal indigenous populations, leading to several violent conflicts. Conditions worsened following Roberts's second presidency, as the cost of imports was far greater than the income generated by exports of coffee, rice, palm oil, sugar cane, camwood, and timber.
Inheritance and legacy
Roberts died on February 24, 1876, less than two months after his final term as president ended. He was buried in Palm Grove Cemetery in Monrovia. His grave and that of some of his relatives, including brother Henry, are located in a walled enclosure on the northeast side of the cemetery. In his will, he left $10,000 and his estate to the educational system of Liberia.[1] Today, Liberia's main airport, Roberts International Airport, as well as the town of Robertsport and Roberts Street in Monrovia are named in his honor.
His face is depicted on the Liberian ten dollar bill, introduced in 2000, and the old five dollar bill in circulation between 1989 and 1999.[13]
His birthday, March 15, is a national holiday in Liberia.[4]
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 1594290121.
- ^ a b c d e Matthews, Pat (Autumn 1973). "The Father of Liberia". Virginia Cavalcade. Library of Virginia. pp. 5–11.
- ^ Karnga, Abayomi Wilfrid (1926). History of Liberia. D. H. Tyte.
- ^ a b c Evans Brown, Judith (March 17, 1968). "Virginia's other presidents". The Virginian-Pilot..
- ^ Mary Tyler-McGraw, "The Roberts Family", 2008, Virginia Emigrants to Liberia, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia, accessed 4 Jun 2010
- ISBN 978-0527253448.
- ^ Mary Tyler-McGraw, "The Roberts Family" and "Harriet Graves: Reluctant Founding Mother", 2008, Virginia Emigrants to Liberia, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia, accessed 4 Jun 2010
- ^ Wolf, Eva Sheppard (2006). Race and Liberty in the New Nation: Emancipation in Virginia from the Revolution to Nat Turner's Rebellion. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 135–170.
- ^ "Search Emigrants", Virginia Emigrants to Liberia, Virginia Center for Digital History, University of Virginia, accessed 4 Jun 2010
- ^ Davis, Stanley A. (1953). This is Liberia. William-Frederick Press.
- ^ The Times, London. Jul 10, 1962; pg. 11; Issue 55439
- ^ Livingston, Thomas W. “The Exportation of American Higher Education to West Africa: Liberia College, 1850-1900”. The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Summer, 1976), pp. 246-262.
- ^ "LIBERIA". banknote.ws. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
External links
- Tazewell, Calvert Walke (1992). Virginia's ninth president – An anthology on President Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809–1876). W.S. Dawson Co. ISBN 1-878515-23-3. Archived from the originalon 2008-03-06.
- Joseph Jenkins Roberts at Find a Grave