Denmark
Denmark Danmark (Danish) | |
---|---|
Anthem: Der er et yndigt land (Danish) (English: "There is a lovely country") | |
National and royal anthem: Kong Christian stod ved højen mast (Danish)[N 1] (English: "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") | |
Ethnic groups (2020) | |
Religion (2020) |
|
Demonym(s) | |
Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• Monarch | Frederik X |
Mette Frederiksen | |
Legislature | Folketing |
Area | |
• Total | 43,094[8] km2 (16,639 sq mi) (130th) |
• Water (%) | 1.74[9] |
Highest elevation (Møllehøj) | 170.86 m (560.56 ft) |
Population | |
• February 2023 estimate | 5,935,619[10][N 4] (112th) |
• Density | 138.22/km2 (358.0/sq mi) |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $441.754 billion[N 5][11] (52nd) |
• Per capita | $74,957[11] (10th) |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $420.800 billion[N 5][11] (37th) |
• Per capita | $71,402[11] (9th) |
Gini (2022) | 27.7[12] low |
HDI (2022) | 0.952[13] very high · 5th |
Currency | Danish krone (kr.) (DKK)[N 6][citation needed] |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
Mains electricity | 230 V–50 Hz |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +45 |
ISO 3166 code | DK |
Internet TLD | .dk[N 7] |
Website | denmark |
Denmark (Danish: Danmark, pronounced [ˈtænmɑk] ⓘ) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe. It is the metropolitan part of and the most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,[N 8] a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean.[14] Metropolitan Denmark[N 9] is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying south-west and south of Sweden, south of Norway,[N 10] and north of Germany, with which it shares a short border, Denmark's only land border.
As of 2013, the Kingdom of Denmark, including the Faroe Islands and Greenland, had a total of 1,419 islands greater than 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft) in area; 443 of these have been named and 78 are inhabited.[15] Spanning a total area of 42,943 km2 (16,580 sq mi),[16] metropolitan Denmark consists of the northern part of the Jutland peninsula and an archipelago of 406 islands.[17] Of these, the most populated island is Zealand, on which the capital and largest city, Copenhagen, is situated, followed by Funen, the North Jutlandic Island, and Amager.[18] Denmark has flat, arable land, sandy coasts, low elevations, and a temperate climate. It had a population of 5,964,059 (1 December 2023), of whom 800,000 live in Copenhagen (2 million in the wider area).[19] Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs. Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948 and in Greenland in 1979; the latter obtained further autonomy in 2009.[20]
The unified Kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century AD as a proficient maritime power amid the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea.[2] In 1397, it joined Norway and Sweden to form the Kalmar Union, which persisted until the latter's secession in 1523. The remaining Kingdom of Denmark–Norway endured a series of wars in the 17th century that resulted in further territorial cessions. A surge of nationalist movements in the 19th century were defeated in the First Schleswig War of 1848. The adoption of the Constitution of Denmark on 5 June 1849 ended the absolute monarchy and introduced the current parliamentary system. An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century, which formed the basis for the present welfare state model and advanced mixed economy. Denmark remained neutral during World War I; Danish neutrality was violated in World War II by a swift German invasion in April 1940. During occupation, a resistance movement emerged in 1943, while Iceland declared independence in 1944; Denmark was liberated after the end of the war in May 1945. In 1973, Denmark, together with Greenland but not the Faroe Islands, became a member of what is now the European Union, but negotiated certain opt-outs, such as retaining its own currency, the krone.
Denmark is a developed country with a high standard of living. It is a founding member of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, the OSCE, and the United Nations, and is part of the Schengen Area. Denmark maintains close political, cultural, and linguistic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours, with the Danish language being partially mutually intelligible with both Norwegian and Swedish.
Etymology
The etymology of the name "Denmark", the relationship between "Danes" and "Denmark", and the emergence of Denmark as a unified kingdom are topics of continuous scholarly debate.[21][22] This is centred primarily on the morpheme "Dan" and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -"mark" ending.
Most etymological dictionaries and handbooks derive "Dan" from a word meaning "flat land",[23] related to German Tenne "threshing floor", English den "cave".[23] The element mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig.[24]
The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are runestones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old (c. 955) and Harald Bluetooth (c. 965). The larger of the two stones is popularly cited as the "baptismal certificate" (dåbsattest) of Denmark,[25] though both use the word "Denmark", in the accusative ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ tanmaurk ([danmɒrk]) on the large stone, and the genitive ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᚱ "tanmarkar" (pronounced [danmarkaɽ]) on the small stone, while the dative form tąnmarku (pronounced [danmarkʊ]) is found on the contemporaneous Skivum stone. The inhabitants of Denmark are there called tani ([danɪ]), or "Danes", in the accusative.
History
Prehistory
The earliest
During the
The tribal Danes came from the east
A short note about the Dani in
Viking and Middle Ages
From the 8th to the 10th century the wider
Denmark was largely consolidated by the late 8th century and its rulers are consistently referred to in Frankish sources as kings (reges). Under the reign of Gudfred in 804 the Danish kingdom may have included all the lands of Jutland, Scania and the Danish islands, excluding Bornholm.[33]
The extant Danish monarchy traces its roots back to
Throughout the
In 1397, Denmark entered into a
Early modern history (1536–1849)
After Sweden permanently
In the
Seeing an opportunity to tear up the Treaty of Brømsebro, King Frederick III of Denmark, in 1657, declared war on Sweden, the latter being deeply involved in the Second Northern War (1655–1660), and marched on Bremen-Verden. This led to a massive Danish defeat as the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered Jutland and, following the Swedish March across the frozen Danish straits, occupied Funen and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658, which gave Sweden control of Scania, Blekinge, Bohuslän, Trøndelag, and the island of Bornholm. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having ruined Denmark and in August 1658, he launched a second attack on Denmark, conquered most of the Danish islands, and began a two-year-long siege of Copenhagen. King Frederick III actively led the defence of the city, rallying its citizens to take up arms, and repelled the Swedish attacks.[41][42] The siege ended following the death of Charles X Gustav in 1660.[43] In the ensuing peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm.[44] Attaining great popularity following the war, Frederick III used this to disband the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy, which lasted until 1848 in Denmark.[45]
Denmark tried but failed to regain control of Scania in the
The union was dissolved by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814; the Danish monarchy "irrevocably and forever" renounced claims to the Kingdom of Norway in favour of the Swedish king.[47] Denmark kept the possessions of Iceland (which retained the Danish monarchy until 1944), the Faroe Islands and Greenland, all of which had been governed by Norway for centuries.[48] Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark continued to rule over Danish India from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies from 1671 to 1917.
Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)
A nascent Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s; after the European Revolutions of 1848, Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. A new constitution established a two-chamber parliament. Denmark faced war against both Prussia and Austrian Empire in what became known as the Second Schleswig War, lasting from February to October 1864. Denmark was defeated and obliged to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. This loss came as the latest in the long series of defeats and territorial losses that had begun in the 17th century. After these events, Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe.
Denmark
In 1939 Denmark signed a 10-year non-aggression pact with
Denmark was a founding member of
Constitutional change in 1953 led to a
Geography
Located in
The country occupies a total area of 42,943.9
Denmark's northernmost point is
The country is flat with little elevation, having an average height
The Kingdom of Denmark includes two overseas territories, both well to the west of Denmark: Greenland, the world's largest island, and the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. These territories are self-governing under their own parliaments (the Løgting and Inatsisartut) and form, together with continental Denmark, part of the Danish Realm.
Climate
Denmark has a
Because of Denmark's northern location, there are large seasonal variations in daylight: short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 8:45 am and sunset 3:45 pm (standard time), as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4:30 am and sunset at 10 pm (daylight saving time).[61]
Ecology
Denmark belongs to the
Roe deer occupy the countryside in growing numbers, and large-antlered red deer can be found in the sparse woodlands of Jutland. Denmark is also home to smaller mammals, such as polecats, hares and hedgehogs.[67] Approximately 400 bird species inhabit Denmark and about 160 of those breed in the country.[68] Large marine mammals include healthy populations of Harbour porpoise, growing numbers of pinnipeds and occasional visits of large whales, including blue whales and orcas. Cod, herring and plaice are abundant culinary fish in Danish waters and form the basis for a large fishing industry.[69]
Environment
Denmark stopped issuing new licences for oil and gas extraction in December 2020.[70]
Land and
Denmark's territories, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, catch approximately 650 whales per year.[79][80] Greenland's quotas for the catch of whales are determined according to the advice of the International Whaling Commission (IWC), having quota decision-making powers.[81]
Government and politics
Politics in Denmark operate under a framework laid out in the
Government
The Danish parliament is
Denmark is a representative democracy with universal suffrage.[N 13] Membership of the Folketing is based on proportional representation of political parties,[90] with a 2% electoral threshold. Denmark elects 175 members to the Folketing, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands electing an additional two members each—179 members in total.[91] Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the prime minister to ask the monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On a vote of no confidence, the Folketing may force a single minister or an entire government to resign.[92]
The Government of Denmark operates as a
Following the 2022 Danish general election in November 2022, resident prime minister and Social Democratic leader Mette Frederiksen in December 2022 formed the current Frederiksen II Cabinet, a coalition government with the until then leading opposition party Venstre and the recently founded Moderate party.[94]
Law and judicial system
Denmark has a
The judicial system of Denmark is divided between courts with regular civil and
Danish Realm
The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state that comprises, in addition to metropolitan Denmark, two autonomous territories[14] in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. They have been integrated parts of the Danish Realm since the 18th century; however, due to their separate historical and cultural identities, these parts of the Realm have extensive political powers and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields.[98] Home rule was granted to the Faroe Islands in 1948 and to Greenland in 1979, each having previously had the status of counties.[99]
The Faroe Islands and Greenland have their own home governments and parliaments and are effectively
Autonomous territory | Population (2020) | Total area | Capital | Local parliament | Premier |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Faroe Islands (Færøerne, Føroyar) | 52,110[102] | 1,399 km2 (540.16 sq mi) | Tórshavn | Løgting | Bárður á Steig Nielsen |
Greenland (Grønland, Kalaallit Nunaat) | 56,081[103] | 2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi) | Nuuk | Inatsisartut | Múte Bourup Egede |
Administrative divisions
Denmark, with a total area of 43,094 square kilometres (16,639 sq mi), is divided into five administrative regions (Danish: regioner). The regions are further subdivided into 98 municipalities (kommuner). The easternmost land in Denmark, the Ertholmene archipelago, with an area of 39 hectares (0.16 sq mi), is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence.[104] The provinces of Denmark are statistical divisions of Denmark, positioned between the administrative regions and municipalities. They are not administrative divisions, nor subject for any kind of political elections, but are mainly for statistical use.
The regions were created on
Regions
The governing bodies of the regions are the regional councils, each with forty-one councillors elected for four-year terms. The councils are headed by regional district chairmen (regionsrådsformand), who are elected by the council.[106] The areas of responsibility for the regional councils are the
The
Danish name | English name | Admin. centre | Largest city (populous) |
Population (April 2021) |
Total area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hovedstaden | Capital Region of Denmark | Hillerød | Copenhagen | 1,856,061 | 2,568.29 |
Midtjylland | Central Denmark Region | Viborg | Aarhus | 1,333,245 | 13,095.80 |
Nordjylland | North Denmark Region |
Aalborg | Aalborg | 590,322 | 7,907.09 |
Sjælland | Region Zealand | Sorø | Roskilde | 839,619 | 7,268.75 |
Syddanmark | Region of Southern Denmark | Vejle | Odense | 1,224,100 | 12,132.21 |
Source: Regional and municipal key figures |
Foreign relations
Denmark wields considerable influence in Northern Europe and is a
As a member of Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Denmark has for a long time been among the countries of the world contributing the largest percentage of gross national income to development aid. In 2015, Denmark contributed 0.85% of its gross national income (GNI) to foreign aid and was one of only six countries meeting the longstanding UN target of 0.7% of GNI.[N 15][112] The country participates in both bilateral and multilateral aid, with the aid usually administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The organisational name of Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) is often used, in particular when operating bilateral aid.
Military
Denmark's
Denmark is a long-time supporter of international
Economy
Denmark has a
Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of tertiary degree holders in the world.[126] The country ranks highest in the world for workers' rights.[127] GDP per hour worked was the 13th highest in 2009. The country has a market income inequality close to the OECD average,[128][129] but after taxes and public cash transfers the income inequality is considerably lower. According to Eurostat, Denmark's Gini coefficient for disposable income was the 7th-lowest among EU countries in 2017.[130] According to the
Once a predominantly
Denmark is part of the
Denmark's currency, the
Ranked by turnover in Denmark, the largest Danish companies are:
The Danish government focused into methods to increase
Public policy
Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterised by extensive government welfare provisions. Denmark has a corporate tax rate of 22% and a special time-limited tax regime for expatriates.[143] The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% value-added tax, in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall level of taxation (sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP) was 46% in 2017.[144] The tax structure of Denmark (the relative weight of different taxes) differs from the OECD average, as the Danish tax system in 2015 was characterised by substantially higher revenues from taxes on personal income and a lower proportion of revenues from taxes on corporate income and gains and property taxes than in OECD generally, whereas no revenues at all derive from social security contributions. The proportion deriving from payroll taxes, VAT, and other taxes on goods and services correspond to the OECD average[145]
As of 2014[update], 6% of the population was reported to live below the
Labour market
Like other Nordic countries, Denmark has adopted the
The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment and normally on membership of an unemployment fund, which is usually closely connected to a trade union, and previous payment of contributions. Circa 65% of the financing comes from earmarked member contributions, whereas the remaining third originates from the central government and hence from general taxation.[154]
Science and technology
Denmark has a long tradition of scientific and technological invention and engagement, and has been involved internationally from the very start of the
In the 20th century, Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector. Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world, the
Danish-born computer scientists and software engineers have taken leading roles in some of the world's programming languages:
Energy
Denmark has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the
Denmark's electricity sector has integrated energy sources such as wind power into the national grid. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.[165] The country is a member nation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).[166]
Denmark exported roughly 460 million
Transport
Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the
Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the
With Norway and Sweden, Denmark is part of the Scandinavian Airlines flag carrier. Copenhagen Airport is Scandinavia's busiest passenger airport, handling over 25 million passengers in 2014.[168] Other notable airports are Billund Airport, Aalborg Airport, and Aarhus Airport.
Demographics
Population
The population of Denmark, as registered by
Denmark is a historically
There are no official statistics on
The Inuit are Indigenous to Greenland in the Kingdom and have traditionally inhabited Greenland and the northern parts of Canada and Alaska in the Arctic. From the 18th century up to the 1970s, the Danish government (Dano-Norwegian until 1814) tried to assimilate the Greenlandic Inuit, encouraging them to adopt the majority language and culture. Because of this "Danization process", some persons of Inuit ancestry now identify their mother tongue as Danish.
Largest cities in Denmark (as of 1 January 2016[update])
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Core City
|
Region | Urban Population | Municipal Population | ||||||
1 | Copenhagen | Capital Region of Denmark | 1,280,371 | 591,481 | ||||||
2 | Aarhus | Central Denmark Region | 264,716 | 330,639 | ||||||
3 | Odense | Region of Southern Denmark | 175,245 | 198,972 | ||||||
4 | Aalborg | North Denmark Region |
112,194 | 210,316 | ||||||
5 | Esbjerg | Region of Southern Denmark | 72,151 | 115,748 | ||||||
6 | Randers | Central Denmark Region | 62,342 | 97,520 | ||||||
7 | Kolding | Region of Southern Denmark | 59,712 | 91,695 | ||||||
8 | Horsens | Central Denmark Region | 57,517 | 87,736 | ||||||
9 | Vejle | Region of Southern Denmark | 54,862 | 111,743 | ||||||
10 | Roskilde | Region Zealand | 50,046 | 86,207 | ||||||
Source: Statistics Denmark |
Languages
Danish is the de facto national language of Denmark.[187] Faroese and Greenlandic are the official languages of the Faroe Islands and Greenland respectively.[187] German is a recognised minority language in the area of the former South Jutland County (now part of the Region of Southern Denmark), which was part of the German Empire prior to the Treaty of Versailles.[187] Danish and Faroese belong to the North Germanic (Nordic) branch of the Indo-European languages, along with Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish.[188] There is some degree of mutual intelligibility between Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Danish is more distantly related to German, which is a West Germanic language. Greenlandic or "Kalaallisut" is an Inuit language, and is entirely unrelated to Danish,[188] although it has adopted many Danish loanwords including the words for numbers.
A large majority (86%) of Danes speak English as a second language,[189] generally with a high level of proficiency. German is the second-most spoken foreign language, with 47% reporting a conversational level of proficiency.[187] Denmark had 25,900 native speakers of German in 2007 (mostly in the South Jutland area).[187]
Religion
The
According to a 2010 Eurobarometer Poll,[201] 28% of Danish nationals polled responded that they "believe there is a God", 47% responded that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 24% responded that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". Another poll, carried out in 2009, found that 25% of Danes believe Jesus is the son of God, and 18% believe he is the saviour of the world.[202]
Education
All educational programmes in Denmark are regulated by the
Following graduation from compulsory education, there are several continuing educational opportunities; the
The government records upper secondary school completion rates of 95% and tertiary enrollment and completion rates of 60%.[204] All university and college (tertiary) education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enrol in courses. Students aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU), which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.[205] Danish universities offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark. Many programmes may be taught in the English language, the academic lingua franca, in bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, doctorates and student exchange programmes.[206]
Health
As of 2015[update], Denmark has a
Denmark has a
Vulnerable residential areas
Certain
During the years 2010-2021, the term "ghetto" was used officially to designate some or all of the vulnerable areas.[218] The term was considered controversial, however, and removed in 2021.[220][221][222] Denmark is the only country to have officially used the word 'ghetto' in the 21st century to denote certain residential areas.[223] From 2021, four different lists are published, depending on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and origin (a statistical criterion based on parents' geographical birthplace and citizenship).[224][218][225] In 2023, there were 19 vulnerable residential areas in Denmark.[226]
Culture
Denmark shares strong cultural and
The astronomical discoveries of
A major feature of Danish culture is
There are seven heritage sites inscribed on the UNESCO
Human rights
Denmark has been considered a progressive country, which has adopted legislation and policies to support women's rights, minority rights, and
In 2009, a referendum on changing the Danish Act of Succession were held to grant
The Inuit have for decades been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant colonisers from
Denmark was the first country in the world to grant legal recognition to same-sex unions in the form of registered partnerships in 1989. On 7 June 2012, the law was replaced by a new same-sex marriage law, which came into effect on 15 June 2012.[241] Greenland and the Faroe Islands legalised same-sex marriage in April 2016,[242] and in July 2017 respectively.[243] In January 2016, a resolution was implemented by the Danish parliament which prevented transgender identity being classified as a mental health condition.[244] In doing so, Denmark became the first country in Europe to go against the World Health Organisation (WHO) standards, which classified transgender identity as being a mental health issue until June 2018.[245][246]
Media
Danish cinema dates back to 1897 and since the 1980s has maintained a steady stream of productions due largely to funding by the state-supported
Other Danish filmmakers of note include
Danish
Modern Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media
Music
Denmark and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. The country's most famous classical composer is Carl Nielsen (1865–1931), especially remembered for his six symphonies and his Wind Quintet, while the Royal Danish Ballet specialises in the work of the Danish choreographer August Bournonville. The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world's oldest orchestras.[251] Danes have distinguished themselves as jazz musicians, and the Copenhagen Jazz Festival has acquired international recognition.
The modern
Denmark has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since 1957 and has won the contest three times, in 1963, 2000 and 2013.
Architecture and design
Denmark's architecture became firmly established in the
The 20th century brought along new architectural styles; including
Danish design is a term often used to describe a style of functionalistic design and architecture that was developed in the mid-20th century, originating in Denmark. Danish design is typically applied to industrial design, furniture and household objects, which have won many international awards. The Royal Porcelain Factory is famous for the quality of its ceramics. Danish design is also a well-known brand, often associated with world-famous, 20th-century designers and architects such as Børge Mogensen, Finn Juhl, Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, Poul Henningsen and Verner Panton.[256] Other designers of note include Kristian Solmer Vedel in the area of industrial design, Jens Quistgaard for kitchen furniture and implements and Ole Wanscher who had a classical approach to furniture design.
Literature and philosophy
The first known Danish literature is myths and folklore from the 10th and 11th century. Saxo Grammaticus, normally considered the first Danish writer, worked on a chronicle of Danish history (Gesta Danorum). Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed.
In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Known as the
Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Perhaps the most influential Danish philosopher was Søren Kierkegaard, the creator of Christian existentialism. Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers, including Harald Høffding, who later in his life moved on to join the movement of positivism. Another Danish philosopher of note is Grundtvig, whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark, and who is also influential for his theological and historical works.
Painting and photography
While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th and 16th century church frescos, which can be seen in many of the country's older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.[257]
The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism, typified in the later previous century by history painter Nicolai Abildgaard. Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand.
In 1871,
Painting has continued to be a prominent form of artistic expression in Danish culture, inspired by and also influencing major international trends in this area. These include
Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art of photography in 1839. Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century. Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active in key exhibitions around the world.[261]
Cuisine
The traditional cuisine of Denmark, like that of the other Nordic countries and of Northern Germany, consists mainly of meat, fish and potatoes. Danish dishes are highly seasonal, stemming from the country's agricultural past, its geography, and its climate of long, cold winters.
The open sandwiches on rye bread, known as .
Since around 1970, chefs and restaurants across Denmark have introduced
Sports
Sports are popular in Denmark, and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. The
In recent years, Denmark has made a mark as a strong cycling nation, with Michael Rasmussen reaching King of the Mountains status in the Tour de France in 2005 and 2006. Other popular sports include golf—which is mostly popular among those in the older demographic;[265] tennis—in which Denmark is successful on a professional level; basketball—Denmark joined the international governing body FIBA in 1951;[266] rugby—the Danish Rugby Union dates back to 1950;[267] ice hockey—often competing in the top division in the Men's World Championships; rowing—Denmark specialise in lightweight rowing and are particularly known for their lightweight coxless four, having won six gold and two silver World Championship medals and three gold and two bronze Olympic medals; and several indoor sports—especially badminton, table tennis and gymnastics, in each of which Denmark holds World Championships and Olympic medals.
See also
- Index of Denmark-related articles
- Outline of Denmark
- Religion in Denmark
Explanatory notes
- royal and military occasions.[1]
- ^ German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark.
- German
- ^ The Kingdom has a total population of 5,958,380.
- ^ a b c This data is for Denmark proper only. For data relevant to Greenland and the Faroe Islands see their respective articles.
- ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna, but is not a separate currency.
- top-level domain name .eu is shared with other European Unioncountries.
- ^ Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkʰɔŋəʁiːð̩ ˈtænmɑk] ⓘ.
- ^ a b The Kingdom of Denmark's territory in continental Europe is referred to as "metropolitan Denmark",[53] "Denmark proper" (Danish: egentlig Danmark), or simply "Denmark". In this article, usage of "Denmark" excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
- ^ The island of Bornholm is offset to the east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea.
- codified constitution. Changes to it require an absolute majority in two consecutive parliamentary terms and the approval of at least 40% of the electorate through a referendum.[82]
- ^ The Constitution refers to "the King" (Danish: kongen), rather than the gender-neutral term "monarch". In light of the restriction of powers of the monarchy, this is best interpreted as referring to the government Cabinet.
- index of democracy.[89]
- a referendum.
- ^ As measured in official development assistance (ODA). Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom exceeded the United Nations' ODA target of 0.7% of GNI.
- ^ The Church of Denmark is the established church (or state religion) in Denmark and Greenland; the Church of the Faroe Islands became an independent body in 2007.
Citations
- ^ "Not one but two national anthems". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ a b c Stone et al. (2008), p. 31.
- ^ "Denmark". The World Factbook. CIA. 29 April 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
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{{cite book}}
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General and cited sources
- Stone, Andrew; Bain, Carolyn; Booth, Michael; Parnell, Fran (2008). Denmark (5th ed.). Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-74104-669-4.
- Busck, Steen (2002). Poulsen, Henning (ed.). "Danmarks historie – i grundtræk" (in Danish). Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 978-87-7288-941-2.
- ISBN 978-91-7486-999-6.
- Frost, Robert I. (2000). The Northern Wars (1558–1721). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
- Gammelgaard, Frederik; Sørensen, Niels (1998). Danmark – en demokratisk stat (in Danish). Alinea. ISBN 978-87-23-00280-8.
- Isacson, Claes-Göran (2002). Karl X Gustavs krig (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. ISBN 978-91-85057-25-2.
- Jørgensen, Gitte (1995). Sådan styres Danmark (in Danish). Flachs. ISBN 978-87-7826-031-4.
- Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer (2002). "Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid". Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave) (in Danish). Gyldendals Bogklubber. ISBN 978-87-00-69328-9.
- (in Swedish) Nationalencyklopedin, vol. 4, Bokförlaget Bra Böcker, 2000, ISBN 978-91-7024-619-7.
- Parker, Geoffrey (1984). The Thirty Years' War. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02534-6.
External links
- Denmark.dk Archived 11 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Denmark. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Denmark entry at Britannica.com.
- Gosse, Edmund William (1878). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VII (9th ed.). pp. 80–94.
- Gosse, Edmund William (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 23–44.
- Kristiansen, M. (1922). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). .
- Denmark at Curlie
- Denmark profile from the BBC News.
- Key Development Forecasts for Denmark from International Futures.