Denmark

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Coordinates: 56°N 10°E / 56°N 10°E / 56; 10
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This article is about metropolitan Denmark. For the sovereign state, see Danish Realm. For all other uses, see Denmark (disambiguation).

Denmark
Danmark (Danish)
Constituent part of the Kingdom of Denmark
Ethnic groups
(2020)
Demonym(s)
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Frederik X
Mette Frederiksen
LegislatureFolketing
Area
• Total
43,094[5] km2 (16,639 sq mi) (130th)
• Water (%)
1.74[6]
Highest elevation
(Møllehøj)
170.86 m (560.56 ft)
Population
• September 2024 estimate
Neutral increase 5,982,117[N 4][7] (112th)
• Density
138.8/km2 (359.5/sq mi) (93rd)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $496.696 billion[N 4][8] (52nd)
• Per capita
Increase $83,454[8] (10th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $412.293 billion[N 4][8] (37th)
• Per capita
Increase $69,273[8] (9th)
Gini (2022)Negative increase 27.7[9]
low
HDI (2022)Increase 0.952[10]
very high · 5th
CurrencyDanish krone[N 5]
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Calling code+45
Internet TLD.dk[N 6]

Denmark[a] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,[N 7] also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the north Atlantic Ocean.[11] Metropolitan Denmark,[N 8] also called "continental Denmark" or "Denmark proper",[12] consists of the northern Jutland peninsula and an archipelago of 406 islands.[13] It is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying southwest and south of Sweden, south of Norway, and north of Germany, with which it shares a short border. Denmark proper is situated between the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the east.[N 9]

The Kingdom of Denmark, including the Faroe Islands and Greenland, has roughly 1,400 islands greater than 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft) in area; 443 have been named and 78 are inhabited.[14] Denmark's population is close to 6 million,[7] of which roughly 40% live in Zealand, the largest and most populated island in Denmark proper; Copenhagen, the capital and largest city of the Danish Realm, is situated on Zealand and Amager.[15] Comprised mostly of flat, arable land, Denmark is characterised by sandy coasts, low elevation, and a temperate climate. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to the other constituent entities to handle their internal affairs. Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948; Greenland achieved home rule in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009.[16]

The unified Kingdom of Denmark emerged in the eighth century AD as a maritime power amid the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea.[2] In 1397, it formed the Kalmar Union with Norway and Sweden. This union persisted until Sweden's secession in 1523. The remaining Kingdom of Denmark–Norway endured a series of wars in the 17th century that resulted in further territorial cessions. A surge of nationalist movements in the 19th century were defeated in the First Schleswig War of 1848. The adoption of the Constitution of Denmark on 5 June 1849 ended the absolute monarchy and introduced the current parliamentary system.

Denmark began industrialising in the mid 19th century, becoming a major agricultural exporter. It introduced social and labour market reforms in the early 20th century, forming the basis for the present welfare state model and advanced mixed economy. Denmark remained neutral during World War I; Danish neutrality was violated in World War II by a rapid German invasion in April 1940. During occupation, a resistance movement emerged in 1943, while Iceland declared independence in 1944; Denmark was liberated after the end of the war in May 1945. In 1973, Denmark, together with Greenland but not the Faroe Islands, became a member of what is now the European Union; however, it negotiated certain opt-outs, such as retaining its own currency, the krone.

Denmark is a developed country with an advanced high-income economy, high standard of living, and robust social welfare policies. Danish culture and society are broadly progressive egalitarian, and socially liberal; Denmark was the first country to legally recognise same-sex partnerships. It is a founding member of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the United Nations, and is part of the Schengen Area. Denmark maintains close political, cultural, and linguistic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours. The Danish political system, which emphasizes broad consensus, is used by American political scientist, Francis Fukuyama, as a reference point for near-perfect governance; his phrase "getting to Denmark" refers to the country's status as a global model for social and political institutions.[17][18]

Etymology

Main article: Etymology of Denmark

The etymology of the name "Denmark", the relationship between "Danes" and "Denmark", and the emergence of Denmark as a unified kingdom are topics of continuous scholarly debate.[19][20] This is centred primarily on the morpheme "Dan" and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -"mark" ending.

Most etymological dictionaries and handbooks derive "Dan" from a word meaning "flat land",[21] related to German Tenne "threshing floor", English den "cave".[21] The element mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig.[22]

The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are runestones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old (c. 955) and Harald Bluetooth (c. 965). The larger of the two stones is popularly cited as the "baptismal certificate" (dåbsattest) of Denmark,[23] though both use the word "Denmark", in the accusative ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ tanmaurk ([danmɒrk]) on the large stone, and the genitive ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᚱ "tanmarkar" (pronounced [danmarkaɽ]) on the small stone, while the dative form tąnmarku (pronounced [danmarkʊ]) is found on the contemporaneous Skivum stone. The inhabitants of Denmark are there called tani ([danɪ]), or "Danes", in the accusative.

History

Main article: History of Denmark
Also related: History of the Faroe Islands and History of Greenland

Prehistory

The gilded side of the Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age

The earliest

Eem interglacial period from 130,000 to 110,000 BC.[24] Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC.[25] The Nordic Bronze Age (1800–600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot
.

During the

Roman Iron Age (AD 1–400).[25] The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and Roman coins have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North-West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron
.

The tribal Danes came from the east

Brythonic King Vortigern, and formed the south-eastern territories of Kent, the Isle of Wight and other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons. The remaining Jutish population in Jutland assimilated in with the settling Danes
.

A short note about the Dani in

ethnic groups from whom modern Danes are descended.[27][28] The Danevirke defence structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward and the sheer size of the construction efforts in AD 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king.[29] A new runic alphabet was first used around the same time and Ribe
, the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about AD 700.

Viking and Middle Ages

Main articles: Viking Age and Kalmar Union
The Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark

From the 8th to the 10th century the wider

pence of this period have been found in Denmark.[30]

Denmark was largely consolidated by the late 8th century and its rulers are consistently referred to in Frankish sources as kings (reges). Under the reign of Gudfred in 804 the Danish kingdom may have included all the lands of Jutland, Scania and the Danish islands, excluding Bornholm.[31]

Large stone containing a carved depiction of Jesus Christ
Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by Harald Bluetooth

The extant Danish monarchy traces its roots back to

Canute the Great won and united Denmark, England, and Norway for almost 30 years with a Scandinavian army.[30]

Throughout the

Schleswig and Holstein. Most of the latter two now form the state of Schleswig-Holstein
in northern Germany.

In 1397, Denmark entered into a

Protestant Reformation spread to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the Count's Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism
in 1536. Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway.

Early modern history (1536–1849)

Main articles: Denmark–Norway and Danish overseas colonies
Extent of the Dano-Norwegian Realm. After the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was ceded to Sweden while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland.

After Sweden permanently

trading posts in Africa and India. While Denmark's trading posts in India were of little note, it played an important role in the highly lucrative Atlantic slave trade, through its trading outposts in Fort Christiansborg in Osu, Ghana through which 1.5 million slaves were traded.[35] While the Danish colonial empire was sustained by trade with other major powers, and plantations – ultimately a lack of resources led to its stagnation.[36]

In the

Gustavus Adolphus' intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark's influence in the region was declining. Swedish armies invaded Jutland in 1643 and claimed Scania in 1644. In the 1645 Treaty of Brømsebro, Denmark surrendered Halland, Gotland
, the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway.

Second Northern War. Danish defenders under King Frederick III successfully repelled the forces of the Swedish Empire. Painting by Frederik Christian Lund
.

Seeing an opportunity to tear up the Treaty of Brømsebro, King

Second Northern War (1655–1660), and marched on Bremen-Verden. This led to a massive Danish defeat as the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered Jutland and, following the Swedish March across the frozen Danish straits, occupied Funen and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658, which gave Sweden control of Scania, Blekinge, Bohuslän, Trøndelag, and the island of Bornholm. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having ruined Denmark and in August 1658, he launched a second attack on Denmark, conquered most of the Danish islands, and began a two-year-long siege of Copenhagen. King Frederick III actively led the defence of the city, rallying its citizens to take up arms, and repelled the Swedish attacks.[39][40] The siege ended following the death of Charles X Gustav in 1660.[41] In the ensuing peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm.[42] Attaining great popularity following the war, Frederick III used this to disband the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy, which lasted until 1848 in Denmark.[43]

Denmark tried but failed to regain control of Scania in the

neutral status allowing it to trade with both sides in the many contemporary wars. In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark traded with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden, and Prussia.[44] British fears that Denmark-Norway would ally with France led to two attacks against Danish targets in Copenhagen in 1801 and 1807. These attacks resulted in the British capturing most of the Dano-Norwegian navy and led to the outbreak of the Gunboat War. British control of the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union's economy and in 1813 Denmark–Norway went bankrupt.[citation needed
]

The union was dissolved by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814; the Danish monarchy "irrevocably and forever" renounced claims to the Kingdom of Norway in favour of the Swedish king.[45] Denmark kept the possessions of Iceland (which retained the Danish monarchy until 1944), the Faroe Islands and Greenland, all of which had been governed by Norway for centuries.[46] Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark continued to rule over Danish India from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies from 1671 to 1917.

Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)

The National Constitutional Assembly was convened by King Frederick VII in 1848 to adopt the Constitution of Denmark

A nascent Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s; after the European Revolutions of 1848, Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. A new constitution established a two-chamber parliament. Denmark faced war against both Prussia and the Austrian Empire in what became known as the Second Schleswig War, lasting from February to October 1864. Denmark was defeated and obliged to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. This loss came as the latest in the long series of defeats and territorial losses that had begun in the 17th century. After these events, Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe.

Industrialisation came to Denmark in the second half of the 19th century.[47] The nation's first railways were constructed in the 1850s, and improved communications and overseas trade allowed industry to develop in spite of Denmark's lack of natural resources. Trade unions
developed, starting in the 1870s. There was a considerable migration of people from the countryside to the cities, and Danish agriculture became centred on the export of dairy and meat products.

Denmark

Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. On 10 July 1920, Northern Schleswig was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding some 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 square kilometres (1,538 sq mi). The country's first social democratic government took office in 1924.[48]

In 1939, Denmark signed a 10-year nonaggression pact with

Germany surrendered in May 1945. In 1948, the Faroe Islands gained home rule. In 1949, Denmark became a founding member of NATO
.

Lisbon Treaty
in 2007.

Denmark was a founding member of

Greenland
are members of the European Union, the Faroese having declined membership of the EEC in 1973 and Greenland in 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies.

Constitutional change in 1953 led to a

centre-right
governments.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Denmark
See also: Geography of the Faroe Islands and Geography of Greenland
Satellite image
A satellite image of Jutland and the Danish islands

Located in

cities with populations over 100,000 are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand; Aarhus and Aalborg in Jutland; and Odense
on Funen.

A labelled map of Denmark
A map showing major urban areas, islands and connecting bridges

The metropolitan part occupies a total area of 42,943.9

shoreline (including small bays and inlets).[55] No location in Denmark is farther from the coast than 52 km (32 mi). On the south-west coast of Jutland, the tide is between 1 and 2 m (3.28 and 6.56 ft), and the tideline moves outward and inward on a 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch.[56] Denmark's territorial waters
total 105,000 square kilometres (40,541 square miles).

Denmark's northernmost point is

Østerskær at 15° 11' 55" eastern longitude. This is in the small Ertholmene
archipelago 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Bornholm. The distance from east to west is 452 kilometres (281 mi), from north to south 368 kilometres (229 mi).

Bay of Aarhus viewed from southern Djursland

The metropolitan part is flat with little elevation, having an average height

above sea level of 31 metres (102 ft). The highest natural point is Møllehøj, at 170.86 metres (560.56 ft).[57] Although this is by far the lowest high point in the Nordic countries and also less than half of the highest point in Southern Sweden, Denmark's general elevation in its interior is generally at a safe level from rising sea levels. A sizeable portion of Denmark's terrain consists of rolling plains whilst the coastline is sandy, with large dunes in northern Jutland. Although once extensively forested, today Denmark largely consists of arable land. It is drained by a dozen or so rivers, and the most significant include the Gudenå, Odense, Skjern, Suså and Vidå—a river that flows along its southern border with Germany. The country has 1008 lakes, 16 have an area of more than 500 hectares (1,200 acres). Lake Arresø, located northwest of Copenhagen, is the largest lake.[54]

The Kingdom of Denmark includes two overseas territories, both well to the west of Denmark: Greenland, the world's largest island, and the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. These territories are self-governing under their own parliaments (the Løgting and Inatsisartut) and form, together with continental Denmark, part of the Danish Realm, a country.

Climate

Denmark has a

temperate climate, characterised by cool to cold winters, with mean temperatures in January of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), and mild summers, with a mean temperature in August of 17.2 °C (63.0 °F).[58] The most extreme temperatures recorded in Denmark, since 1874 when recordings began, was 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) in 1975 and −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) in 1982.[59] Denmark has an average of 179 days per year with precipitation, on average receiving a total of 765 millimetres (30 in) per year; autumn is the wettest season and spring the driest.[58] The position between a continent and an ocean means that the weather is often unstable.[60]

Because of Denmark's northern location, there are large seasonal variations in daylight: short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 8:45 am and sunset 3:45 pm (standard time), as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4:30 am and sunset at 10 pm (daylight saving time).[61]

Ecology

Further information: List of forests in Denmark, List of mammals of Denmark, and List of birds of Denmark
Also related: Flora and Fauna of the Faroe Islands and Flora and fauna of Greenland
Beech trees are common throughout Denmark, especially in the sparse woodlands

Denmark belongs to the

second growth woodlands in the country and, in total, 12.9% of the land is now forested.[65] Norway spruce is the most widespread tree (2017); an important tree in the Christmas tree production. Denmark holds a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.5/10, ranking it 171st globally out of 172 countries—behind only San Marino.[66][further explanation needed
]

Roe deer occupy the countryside in growing numbers, and large-antlered red deer can be found in the sparse woodlands of Jutland. Denmark is also home to smaller mammals, such as polecats, hares and hedgehogs.[67] Approximately 400 bird species inhabit Denmark and about 160 of those breed in the country.[68] Large marine mammals include healthy populations of harbour porpoises, growing numbers of pinnipeds and occasional visits of whales, including blue whales and orcas. Cod, herring and plaice are abundant culinary fish in Danish waters and form the basis for a large fishing industry.[69]

Environment

The European Environment Agency in Copenhagen

Denmark historically taken a progressive stance on

environmental issues, although much of its household and industrial waste is now increasingly filtered and sometimes recycled. Denmark is a signatory to the Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[71] However, its national ecological footprint is 8.26 global hectares per person, which is very high compared to a world average of 1.7 in 2010.[72] Contributing factors are an exceptionally high value for cropland and grazing land,[73] possibly due to substantially high meat production (115.8 kilograms (255 lb) meat annually per capita) and economic size of the meat and dairy industries.[74]

Notwithstanding its relatively high emissions, Denmark topped the list of the 2015 Climate Change Performance Index due to its implementation effective climate protection policies.[75] The country has consistently placed first since 2020.[76] Denmark ranked 10th in the Environmental Performance Index,[77] which measures progress at mitigating climate change, safeguarding ecosystem vitality, and promoting environmental health.[78] In 2021, Denmark joined Costa Rica to launch the "Beyond Oil and Gas alliance" for stopping use fossil fuels.[79] The Danish government stopped issuing new licences for oil and gas extraction in December 2020.[80]

Denmark's territories, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, catch approximately 650 whales per year.[81][82] Greenland's quotas for the catch of whales are determined according to the advice of the International Whaling Commission (IWC), having quota decision-making powers.[83]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Denmark
Also related: Politics of the Faroe Islands and Politics of Greenland
Frederik X,
King of Denmark
Mette Frederiksen,
Prime Minister of Denmark

Politics in Denmark operate under a framework laid out in the

King Frederik X has been head of state since 14 January 2024.[89]

Government

Main articles: Folketing and Cabinet of Denmark
See also: Løgting and Cabinet of the Faroe Islands
Also related:
Cabinet of Greenland
Denmark disposable income after tax, not including Value-added tax or Property tax

The Danish parliament is

Royal Assent within thirty days in order to become law.[90]

Supreme Court
, and government offices

Denmark is a representative democracy with universal suffrage.[N 12] Membership of the Folketing is based on proportional representation of political parties,[92] with a 2% electoral threshold. Denmark elects 175 members to the Folketing, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands electing an additional two members each—179 members in total.[93] Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the prime minister to ask the monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On a vote of no confidence, the Folketing may force a single minister or an entire government to resign.[94]

The Government of Denmark operates as a

coalition governments, themselves usually minority governments dependent on non-government parties.[95]

Following the 2022 Danish general election in November 2022, incumbent prime minister and Social Democratic leader Mette Frederiksen in December 2022 formed the current Frederiksen II Cabinet, a coalition government with the until then leading opposition party Venstre and the recently founded Moderate party.[96]

Law and judicial system

Main articles: Law of Denmark and Courts of Denmark
See also: Crime in Denmark
Also related: Judiciary of Greenland
"With law shall land be built", preamble to the Code of Jutland above Copenhagen Court House. In 2023, the World Justice Project ranked Denmark no. 1 on their rule of law index[97]

Denmark has a

customary.[98]

The judicial system of Denmark is divided between courts with regular civil and

Danish Supreme Court
is the highest civil and criminal court responsible for the administration of justice in the Kingdom.

Danish Realm

Main article: Danish Realm
The village of Kunoy on Kunoy island, in the Faroe Islands. Kalsoy island is at right

The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state that comprises, in addition to metropolitan Denmark, two autonomous territories[11] in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. They have been integrated parts of the Danish Realm since the 18th century; however, due to their separate historical and cultural identities, these parts of the Realm have extensive political powers and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields.[101] Home rule was granted to the Faroe Islands in 1948 and to Greenland in 1979, each having previously had the status of counties.[102]

The Faroe Islands and Greenland have their own home governments and parliaments and are effectively

Greenlandic Parliament, but they cannot vote.[102] The Faroese home government is defined to be an equal partner with the Danish national government,[103] while the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.[104]

Autonomous territory Population (2020) Total area Capital Local parliament Premier
 Faroe Islands (Færøerne, Føroyar) 52,110[105] 1,399 km2 (540.16 sq mi)  Tórshavn Løgting Aksel V. Johannesen
 Greenland (Grønland, Kalaallit Nunaat) 56,081[106] 2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi)  Nuuk Inatsisartut Múte Bourup Egede

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Regions of Denmark and Municipalities of Denmark
Also related: Municipalities of the Faroe Islands, Administrative divisions of Greenland, and NUTS statistical regions of Denmark

Denmark, with a total area of 43,094 square kilometres (16,639 sq mi), is divided into five administrative regions (Danish: regioner). The regions are further subdivided into 98 municipalities (kommuner). The easternmost land in Denmark, the Ertholmene archipelago, with an area of 39 hectares (0.16 sq mi), is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence.[107] The provinces of Denmark are statistical divisions of Denmark, positioned between the administrative regions and municipalities. They are not administrative divisions, nor subject for any kind of political elections, but are mainly for statistical use.

The regions were created on

electoral wards
.

Regions

The governing bodies of the regions are the regional councils, each with forty-one councillors elected for four-year terms. The councils are headed by regional district chairmen (regionsrådsformand), who are elected by the council.[109] The areas of responsibility for the regional councils are the

national health service, social services and regional development.[109][110] Unlike the counties they replaced, the regions are not allowed to levy taxes and the health service is partly financed by a national health care contribution until 2018 (sundhedsbidrag), partly by funds from both government and municipalities.[111]
From 1 January 2019 this contribution will be abolished, as it is being replaced by higher income tax instead.

The

North Denmark Region. Under the county system certain densely populated municipalities, such as Copenhagen Municipality and Frederiksberg, had been given a status equivalent to that of counties, making them first-level administrative divisions. These sui generis
municipalities were incorporated into the new regions under the 2007 reforms.

Danish name English name Admin. centre Largest city
(populous)		 Population
(April 2021)		 Total area
(km2)
Hovedstaden Capital Region of Denmark Hillerød Copenhagen 1,856,061 2,568.29
Midtjylland Central Denmark Region Viborg Aarhus 1,333,245 13,095.80
Nordjylland
North Denmark Region
 Aalborg Aalborg 590,322 7,907.09
Sjælland Region Zealand Sorø Roskilde 839,619 7,268.75
Syddanmark Region of Southern Denmark Vejle Odense 1,224,100 12,132.21
Source: Regional and municipal key figures

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Denmark
Also related: Foreign relations of the Faroe Islands and Foreign relations of Greenland
Danish prime minister Mette Frederiksen (second from left) with foreign counterparts at the Nordic Council in Copenhagen, 2021

Denmark wields considerable influence in Northern Europe and is a

neutrality. It has been a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1949, and membership remains highly popular.[114]

As a member of Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Denmark has for a long time been among the countries of the world contributing the largest percentage of gross national income to development aid. In 2015, Denmark contributed 0.85% of its gross national income (GNI) to foreign aid and was one of only six countries meeting the longstanding UN target of 0.7% of GNI.[N 14][115] The country participates in both bilateral and multilateral aid, with the aid usually administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The organisational name of Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) is often used, in particular when operating bilateral aid. According to the 2024 Global Peace Index, Denmark is the 8th most peaceful country in the world.[116]

Military

See also: Danish Defence and Military history of Denmark
Danish Military Police conducting advanced law-enforcement training

Denmark's

armed forces are known as the Danish Defence (Danish: Forsvaret). The Minister of Defence is commander-in-chief of the Danish Defence, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad. During peacetime, the Ministry of Defence employs around 33,000 in total. The main military branches employ almost 27,000: 15,460 in the Royal Danish Army, 5,300 in the Royal Danish Navy and 6,050 in the Royal Danish Air Force (all including conscripts).[citation needed] The Danish Emergency Management Agency employs 2,000 (including conscripts), and about 4,000 are in non-branch-specific services like the Danish Defence Command and the Danish Defence Intelligence Service. Furthermore, around 44,500 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard.[117]

Denmark is a long-time supporter of international

SFOR.[122] Between 2003 and 2007, there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in Iraq.[123] Denmark also strongly supported American operations in Afghanistan and has contributed both monetarily and materially to the ISAF.[124]
These initiatives are often described by the authorities as part of a new "active foreign policy" of Denmark.

Economy

Further information: Economy of Denmark, List of companies of Denmark, and List of largest Danish companies
Also related: Economy of the Faroe Islands and Economy of Greenland
Lego, world's largest toy company by revenue, headquartered in Billund

Denmark has a

nominal GNI per capita.[126] Denmark's economy stands out as one of the most free in the Index of Economic Freedom and the Economic Freedom of the World.[127][128] It is the 10th most competitive economy in the world, and 6th in Europe, according to the World Economic Forum in its Global Competitiveness Report 2018.[129]

Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of

considerably lower. According to Eurostat, Denmark's Gini coefficient for disposable income was the 7th-lowest among EU countries in 2017.[134]
According to the
fast food chains make the equivalent of US$20 an hour, which is more than double what their counterparts earn in the United States, and have access to paid vacation, parental leave and a pension plan.[136] Union density in 2015 was 68%.[137]

Once a predominantly

machinery and transportation equipment, food processing, and construction.[139] Circa 60% of the total export value is due to export of goods, and the remaining 40% is from service exports, mainly sea transport. The country's main export goods are: wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, furniture and design.[139] Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus which has transformed the country from a net debitor to a net creditor country. By 1 July 2018, the net international investment position (or net foreign assets) of Denmark was equal to 64.6% of GDP.[140]

Denmark is a major producer and exporter of pork products.

Denmark is part of the

internal market, which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Support for free trade is high among the Danish public; in a 2016 poll 57% responded saw globalisation as an opportunity whereas 18% viewed it as a threat.[141] 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. As of 2017, Denmark's largest export partners are Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.[71]

Denmark's currency, the

pegged at approximately 7.46 kroner per euro through the ERM II. Although a September 2000 referendum rejected adopting the euro,[142] the country follows the policies set forth in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU) and meets the economic convergence criteria needed to adopt the euro. The majority of the political parties in the Folketing support joining the EMU, but since 2010 opinion polls have consistently shown a clear majority against adopting the euro. In March 2018, 29% of respondents from Denmark in a Eurobarometer opinion poll stated that they were in favour of the EMU and the euro, whereas 65% were against it.[143] The exact same poll conducted in November 2023, was almost unchanged with 31% in favour and 63% against.[144]

Ranked by turnover in Denmark, the largest Danish companies are:

A.P. Møller-Mærsk (international shipping), Novo Nordisk (pharmaceuticals), ISS A/S (facility services), Vestas (wind turbines), Arla Foods (dairy), DSV (transport), Carlsberg Group (beer), Salling Group (retail), Ørsted A/S (power), Danske Bank.[145]

The Danish government focused into methods to increase

taxes on energy dealers in 2023.[146]

Public policy

See also: Flexicurity and Taxation in Denmark
Also related: Taxation in the Faroe Islands and Taxation in Greenland

Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterised by extensive government welfare provisions. Denmark has a corporate tax rate of 22% and a special time-limited tax regime for expatriates.[147] The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% value-added tax, in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall level of taxation (sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP) was 46% in 2017.[148] The tax structure of Denmark (the relative weight of different taxes) differs from the OECD average, as the Danish tax system in 2015 was characterised by substantially higher revenues from taxes on personal income and a lower proportion of revenues from taxes on corporate income and gains and property taxes than in OECD generally, whereas no revenues at all derive from social security contributions. The proportion deriving from payroll taxes, VAT, and other taxes on goods and services correspond to the OECD average[149]

As of 2014, 6% of the population was reported to live below the

poverty line, when adjusted for taxes and transfers. Denmark had the 2nd lowest relative poverty rate in the OECD, below the 11.3% OECD average.[150] The 6% of the population reporting that they could not afford to buy sufficient food was less than half of the OECD average.[150]

Labour market

Like other Nordic countries, Denmark has adopted the

worker protection.[151] As a result of its acclaimed "flexicurity" model, Denmark has the freest labour market in Europe, according to the World Bank. Employers can hire and fire whenever they want (flexibility), and between jobs, unemployment compensation is relatively high (security). According to OECD, initial as well as long-term net replacement rates for unemployed persons were 65% of previous net income in 2016, against an OECD average of 53%.[152] No restrictions apply regarding overtime work, which allows companies to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.[153] With an employment rate in 2017 of 74.2% for people aged 15–64-years, Denmark ranks 9th highest among the OECD countries, and above the OECD average of 67.8%.[154] The unemployment rate was 5.7% in 2017,[155] which is considered close to or below its structural level.[156]

The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment and normally on membership of an unemployment fund, which is usually closely connected to a trade union, and previous payment of contributions. Circa 65% of the financing comes from earmarked member contributions, whereas the remaining third originates from the central government and hence from general taxation.[157]

Business

Establishing a business in Denmark can be undertaken in a matter of hours and at very low costs.[158] The Danish government operates a "Danish Business Authority", and launched a series of initiatives in 2012 aiming to simplify business rules, making it easier to run a business without jeopardising the intended goals of relevant legislation.[159]

Science and technology

See also: Internet in Denmark
E-ELT[160]

Denmark has a long tradition of scientific and technological invention and engagement, and has been involved internationally from the very start of the

E-ELT. Denmark was ranked 10th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024, down from 6th in 2020 and from 7th in 2019.[161][162][163][164]

In the 20th century, Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector. Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world, the

Maersk Triple E class, and Danish engineers have contributed to the design of MAN Diesel engines. In the software and electronic field, Denmark contributed to design and manufacturing of Nordic Mobile Telephones, and the now-defunct Danish company DanCall was among the first to develop GSM
mobile phones.

bioethanol, has pioneered development of enzymes for converting waste to cellulosic ethanol.[165] Medicon Valley, spanning the Øresund Region between Zealand and Sweden, is one of Europe's largest life science clusters
.

Danish-born computer scientists and software engineers have taken leading roles in some of the world's programming languages:

nanoscale engineering, and linear optics
.

Energy

Main article: Energy in Denmark
See also:
Energy in Greenland
Middelgrunden, an offshore wind farm near Copenhagen

Denmark has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the

electric transmission lines
to other European countries.

Denmark's electricity sector has integrated energy sources such as wind power into the national grid. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.[170] The country is a member nation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).[171]

Denmark exported roughly 460 million

GJ of energy in 2018.[172]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Denmark
See also: Transport in the Faroe Islands and Transport in Greenland
Denmark railway network
Copenhagen Airport is the largest airport in Scandinavia and the 15th-busiest in Europe[173]

Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the

S-train. In the four largest cities – Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Aalborg – light rail systems are planned to be in operation around 2020.[175]

segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes, Denmark has a solid bicycle infrastructure
.

Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the

VAT
(25%), and one of the world's highest income tax rates, new cars are very expensive. The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership. In 2007, an attempt was made by the government to favour environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars,[178] as the cost for older cars—including taxes—keeps them within the budget of many Danes. As of 2011, the average car age is 9.2 years.[179]

With Norway and Sweden, Denmark is part of the Scandinavian Airlines flag carrier. Copenhagen Airport is Scandinavia's busiest passenger airport, handling over 25 million passengers in 2014.[173] Other notable airports are Billund Airport, Aalborg Airport, and Aarhus Airport.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Denmark
See also: Demographics of the Faroe Islands, Demographics of Greenland, List of urban areas in Denmark by population, and List of cities and towns in Denmark

Population by ancestry (Q2 2020):[180]

  People of Danish origin (including Faroese and Greenlandic) (86.11%)
  Immigrant (10.56%)
  Descendant of an immigrant (3.34%)

Population

In April 2020, the population of Denmark, as registered by

social welfare. The rate of taxation is among the world's highest and can be half a Dane's income but they get most healthcare free, university tuition is also free and students get grants, there is subsidized child care and old people get pensions and care helpers.[187]

Denmark is a historically

net emigration, up until World War II, to a nation of net immigration. Today, residence permits are issued mostly to immigrants from other EU countries (54% of all non-Scandinavian immigrants in 2017). Another 31% of residence permits were study- or work-related, 4% were issued to asylum seekers and 10% to persons who arrive as family dependants.[189] Overall, the net migration rate in 2017 was 2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population, somewhat lower than the United Kingdom and the other Nordic countries.[139][190][191]

There are no official statistics on

Poles, Syrians, Germans, Iraqis, Romanians and people from former Yugoslavia. There are also other Asian and African populations in the country. Small numbers of Romani people and Hungarians live in Denmark. There is also a small Jewish population.[192]

The Inuit are Indigenous to Greenland in the Kingdom and have traditionally inhabited Greenland and the northern parts of Canada and Alaska in the Arctic. From the 18th century up to the 1970s, the Danish government (Dano-Norwegian until 1814) tried to assimilate the Greenlandic Inuit, encouraging them to adopt the majority language and culture. Because of this "Danization process", some persons of Inuit ancestry now identify their mother tongue as Danish.

Largest cities in Denmark (as of 1 January 2016)[193]

Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Aarhus
Aarhus

 Rank
Core city
 Region Urban population Municipal population

Odense
Odense
Aalborg
Aalborg

1
København
 Capital Region of Denmark 1,280,371 591,481
2 Aarhus Central Denmark Region 264,716 330,639
3 Odense Region of Southern Denmark 175,245 198,972
4 Aalborg
North Denmark Region
 112,194 210,316
5 Esbjerg Region of Southern Denmark 72,151 115,748
6 Randers Central Denmark Region 62,342 97,520
7 Kolding Region of Southern Denmark 59,712 91,695
8 Horsens Central Denmark Region 57,517 87,736
9 Vejle Region of Southern Denmark 54,862 111,743
10 Roskilde Region Zealand 50,046 86,207

Languages

Main article: Languages of Denmark
See also: Languages of the Faroe Islands, Languages of Greenland, and Minority languages of Denmark

Danish is the de facto national language of Denmark.[194] Faroese and Greenlandic are the official languages of the Faroe Islands and Greenland respectively.[194] German is a recognised minority language in the area of the former South Jutland County (now part of the Region of Southern Denmark), which was part of the German Empire prior to the Treaty of Versailles.[194] Danish and Faroese belong to the North Germanic (Nordic) branch of the Indo-European languages, along with Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish.[195] There is some degree of mutual intelligibility between Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Danish is more distantly related to German, which is a West Germanic language. Greenlandic or "Kalaallisut" is an Inuit language, and is entirely unrelated to Danish,[195] although it has adopted many Danish loanwords including the words for numbers.

A large majority (86%) of Danes speak English as a second language,[196] generally with a high level of proficiency. German is the second-most spoken foreign language, with 47% reporting a conversational level of proficiency.[194] Denmark had 25,900 native speakers of German in 2007 (mostly in the South Jutland area).[194]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Denmark
Also related: Religion in the Faroe Islands and Religion in Greenland
Lutheran in orientation.[198][N 15] The membership percentage has been in steady decline since the 1970s, mainly as fewer newborns are being baptised into it.[199] Only 3% of the population regularly attend Sunday services[200][201] and only 19% of Danes consider religion to be an important part of their life.[202]

The

royal decree. Today, religious groups do not need official government recognition, they can be granted the right to perform weddings and other ceremonies without this recognition.[205] Denmark's Muslims make up approximately 4.4% of the population[206] and form the country's second largest religious community and largest minority religion.[207] The Danish Foreign Ministry estimates that other religious groups comprise less than 1% of the population individually and approximately 2% when taken all together.[208] Just under 20% of the Danish population identifies as atheist.[209]

According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll,[210] 28% of Danish nationals polled responded that they "believe there is a God", 47% responded that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 24% responded that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". Another poll, carried out in 2009, found that 25% of Danes believe Jesus is the son of God, and 18% believe he is the saviour of the world.[211]

In its 2024

religious freedom.[212]

Education

Main article: Education in Denmark
Also related: Education in the Faroe Islands and Education in Greenland
The oldest surviving Danish lecture plan dated 1537 from the University of Copenhagen

All educational programmes in Denmark are regulated by the

independent school (friskole), or a private school (privatskole), such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools
.

Following graduation from compulsory education, there are several continuing educational opportunities; the

trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship
.

The government records upper secondary school completion rates of 95% and tertiary enrollment and completion rates of 60%.[214] All university and college (tertiary) education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enrol in courses. Students aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU), which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.[215] Danish universities offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark. Many programmes may be taught in the English language, the academic lingua franca, in bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, doctorates and student exchange programmes.[216]

Health

See also:
Health care in Denmark
Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen, the most specialised hospital in Denmark, receiving over 350,000 unique patients a year[217]

As of 2015, Denmark has a

smoking and physical inactivity.[221][222]

Denmark has a universal health care system, characterised by being publicly financed through taxes and, for most of the services, run directly by the regional authorities. One of the sources of income was a national health care contribution (sundhedsbidrag) (2007–11:8%; '12:7%; '13:6%; '14:5%; '15:4%; '16:3%; '17:2%; '18:1%; '19:0%) but it was phased out from January 2019 in favour of income taxes.[111] This means that most health care provision is free at the point of delivery for all residents. Additionally, roughly two in five have complementary private insurance to cover services not fully covered by the state, such as physiotherapy.[223] As of 2012, Denmark spends 11.2% of its GDP on health care; this is up from 9.8% in 2007 (US$3,512 per capita).[223] This places Denmark above the OECD average and above the other Nordic countries.[223][224]

Vulnerable residential areas

Main articles: Immigration to Denmark and Vulnerable residential area (Denmark)
Mjølnerparken in Copenhagen

Certain

social housing districts in Denmark fulfilling specific statistical criteria of relatively low employment, school attendance, relatively low income, a relatively low educational level or relatively many convicted inhabitants are officially listed by the government as vulnerable residential areas. In some cases, the majority of the neighbourhoods consist of non-Western immigrants and their descendants. Over the years, several government initiatives have been taken to further integration and counter urban decay in these neighbourhoods. Major plans to this end were presented in 1994 and 2000 by the governments of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, in 2004 by the Anders Fogh Rasmussen I Cabinet, in 2010 by the Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet, in 2013 by the Helle Thorning-Schmidt I Cabinet, in 2018 by the Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet, and in 2021 by the Mette Frederiksen I Cabinet.[225][226][227] Some of the policies have been criticised for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light.[228][229]

During the years 2010–2021, the term "ghetto" was used officially to designate some or all of the vulnerable areas.[228] The term was considered controversial, however, and removed in 2021.[230][231][232] Denmark is the only country to have officially used the word 'ghetto' in the 21st century to denote certain residential areas.[233] From 2021, four different lists are published, depending on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and origin (a statistical criterion based on parents' geographical birthplace and citizenship).[234][228][235] In 2023, there were 19 vulnerable residential areas in Denmark.[236]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Denmark
See also: Culture of the Faroe Islands and Culture of Greenland

Denmark shares strong cultural and historic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours Sweden and Norway. It has historically been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world. In 1969, Denmark was the first country to legalise pornography,[237] and in 2012, Denmark replaced its "registered partnership" laws, which it had been the first country to introduce in 1989,[238][239] with gender-neutral marriage, and allowed same-sex marriages to be performed in the Church of Denmark.[240][241] Modesty and social equality are important parts of Danish culture.[242] In a 2016 study comparing empathy scores of 63 countries, Denmark ranked 4th world-wide having the highest empathy among surveyed European countries.[243]

Kronborg Castle in the town of Helsingør. Immortalized as Elsinore in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Kronborg is one of the most important Renaissance castles in Northern Europe and was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in Northern Europe in 2000

The astronomical discoveries of

Isak Dinesen), the plays of Ludvig Holberg, and the dense, aphoristic poetry of Piet Hein, have earned international recognition, as have the symphonies of Carl Nielsen. From the mid-1990s, Danish films have attracted international attention, especially those associated with Dogme 95 like those of Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg
.

A major feature of Danish culture is

Jul (Danish Christmas
). The holiday is celebrated throughout December, starting either at the beginning of Advent or on 1 December with a variety of traditions, culminating with the Christmas Eve meal.

There are seven heritage sites inscribed on the UNESCO

Kronborg Castle, Roskilde Cathedral, and The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand and 3 in the World Heritage list in North America: Ilulissat Icefjord, Aasivissuit—Nipisat, Kujataa within the Kingdom of Denmark.[244]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Denmark

Denmark is usually considered a

Realm (Danmarks Riges Grundlov); applying equally in Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, and through the ratification of international human rights treaties.[245] Denmark has held a significant role in the adoption of both the European Convention on Human Rights and in the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). In 1987, the Kingdom Parliament (Folketinget) established a national human rights institution, the Danish Centre of Human Rights, now the Danish Institute for Human Rights.[245]

In 2009, a referendum on changing the

absolute primogeniture to the Danish throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. As it was not retroactive, the current successor to the throne is the eldest son of the King, rather than his eldest child. The Danish constitution Article 2 states that "The monarchy is inherited by men and women".[246]

The

Indigenous people
recommended by the UN.

Denmark was the first country in the world to grant legal recognition to same-sex unions in the form of registered partnerships in 1989. On 7 June 2012, the law was replaced by a new same-sex marriage law, which came into effect on 15 June 2012.[254] Greenland and the Faroe Islands legalised same-sex marriage in April 2016,[255] and in July 2017 respectively.[256] In January 2016, a resolution was implemented by the Danish parliament which prevented transgender identity being classified as a mental health condition. In doing so, Denmark became the first country in Europe to go against the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, which classified transgender identity as being a mental health issue until June 2018.[257][258]

In its 2024 Freedom in the World report, Freedom House rated the country "free" with a score of 97 (out of 100).[212]

Media

Main articles: Cinema of Denmark and Television in Denmark
See also:
Television in Greenland
Director Lars von Trier, who co-created the Dogme 95 film movement with Thomas Vinterberg

Danish cinema dates back to 1897 and since the 1980s has maintained a steady stream of productions due largely to funding by the state-supported

early cinema.[259][260]

Other Danish filmmakers of note include

Golden Globe-winner for Pelle the Conqueror in 1988. In the modern era, notable filmmakers in Denmark include Lars von Trier, who co-created the Dogme 95 movement with Thomas Vinterberg, and multiple award-winners Susanne Bier and Nicolas Winding Refn. Mads Mikkelsen is a world-renowned Danish actor, as is Nikolaj Coster-Waldau
.

Danish

freedom of the press in Denmark
.

Modern Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media

TV 2 have large shares of the viewers.[261] DR in particular is famous for its high quality TV-series often sold to foreign broadcasters and often with leading female characters like internationally known actresses Sidse Babett Knudsen and Sofie Gråbøl. In radio, DR has a near monopoly, currently broadcasting on all four nationally available FM channels, competing only with local stations.[262]

Music

Main article: Music of Denmark
See also: Music of the Faroe Islands and Music of Greenland
A sample from Carl Nielsen's Wind Quintet with the theme from Min Jesus, lad mit hjerte få

Denmark and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. The country's most famous classical composer is Carl Nielsen (1865–1931), especially remembered for his six symphonies and his Wind Quintet, while the Royal Danish Ballet specialises in the work of the Danish choreographer August Bournonville. The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world's oldest orchestras.[263] Danes have distinguished themselves as jazz musicians, and the Copenhagen Jazz Festival has acquired international recognition.

The modern

D-A-D, King Diamond, Kashmir, Lukas Graham, Mew, Michael Learns to Rock, MØ, Oh Land, The Raveonettes and Volbeat, among others. Lars Ulrich, the drummer of the band Metallica, has become the first Danish musician to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
.

Skanderborg Festival, The Blue Festival in Aalborg, Esbjerg International Chamber Music Festival and Skagen Festival among many others.[264][265]

Denmark has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since 1957 and has won the contest three times, in 1963, 2000 and 2013.

Architecture and design

Main articles: Architecture of Denmark and Danish design
Grundtvig's Church in Copenhagen, an example of expressionist architecture

Denmark's architecture became firmly established in the

Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. From the 16th century, Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark, initially to improve the country's fortifications, but increasingly to build magnificent royal castles and palaces in the Renaissance
style. During the 17th century, many impressive buildings were built in the Baroque style, both in the capital and the provinces. Neoclassicism from France was slowly adopted by native Danish architects who increasingly participated in defining architectural style. A productive period of Historicism ultimately merged into the 19th-century National Romantic style.[266]

The 20th century brought along new architectural styles; including

Functionalist architecture. This, in turn, has evolved into more recent world-class masterpieces including Jørn Utzon's Sydney Opera House and Johan Otto von Spreckelsen's Grande Arche in Paris, paving the way for a number of contemporary Danish designers such as Bjarke Ingels to be rewarded for excellence both at home and abroad.[267]

Danish design is a term often used to describe a style of functionalistic design and architecture that was developed in the mid-20th century, originating in Denmark. Danish design is typically applied to industrial design, furniture and household objects, which have won many international awards. The Royal Porcelain Factory is famous for the quality of its ceramics. Danish design is also a well-known brand, often associated with world-famous, 20th-century designers and architects such as Børge Mogensen, Finn Juhl, Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, Poul Henningsen and Verner Panton.[268] Other designers of note include Kristian Solmer Vedel in the area of industrial design, Jens Quistgaard for kitchen furniture and implements and Ole Wanscher who had a classical approach to furniture design.

Literature and philosophy

Main articles: Danish literature and Danish philosophy
Renowned author Hans Christian Andersen, best remembered for his literary fairy tales
Søren Kirkegaard, Existentialist philosopher considered one of the most important figures of the Danish Golden Age[269]

The first known Danish literature is myths and folklore from the 10th and 11th century. Saxo Grammaticus, normally considered the first Danish writer, worked on a chronicle of Danish history (Gesta Danorum). Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed.

In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Known as the

Piet Hein, Hans Scherfig, Klaus Rifbjerg, Dan Turèll, Tove Ditlevsen, Inger Christensen and Peter Høeg
.

Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Perhaps the most influential Danish philosopher was Søren Kierkegaard, the creator of Christian existentialism. Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers, including Harald Høffding, who later in his life moved on to join the movement of positivism. Another Danish philosopher of note is Grundtvig, whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark, and who is also influential for his theological and historical works.

Painting and photography

Main articles: Danish art and Photography in Denmark
Woman in Front of a Mirror, (1841), by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg

While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th and 16th century church frescos, which can be seen in many of the country's older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.[270]

The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism, typified in the later previous century by history painter Nicolai Abildgaard. Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand.

In 1871,

Fynboerne who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen,[272] and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard, Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst.[273]

Painting has continued to be a prominent form of artistic expression in Danish culture, inspired by and also influencing major international trends in this area. These include

Carl Henning Pedersen (abstract painting), Asger Jorn (Situationist, abstract painting), Bjørn Wiinblad (art deco, orientalism), Per Kirkeby (neo-expressionism, abstract painting), Per Arnoldi (pop art), and Michael Kvium
(neo-surrealism).

Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art of photography in 1839. Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century. Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active in key exhibitions around the world.[274]

Cuisine

Main article: Danish cuisine
See also: Faroese cuisine and Greenlandic cuisine
Smørrebrød, a variety of Danish open sandwiches piled high with delicacies

The traditional cuisine of Denmark, like that of the other Nordic countries and of Northern Germany, consists mainly of meat, fish and potatoes. Danish dishes are highly seasonal, stemming from the country's agricultural past, its geography, and its climate of long, cold winters.

The open sandwiches on rye bread, known as

Tuborg beers and for its akvavit and bitters
.

Since around 1970, chefs and restaurants across Denmark have introduced

New Danish cuisine.[275] As a result of these developments, Denmark now has a considerable number of internationally acclaimed restaurants of which several have been awarded Michelin stars. This includes Geranium and Noma
in Copenhagen.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Denmark
Also related:
Sport in the Faroe Islands and Sport in Greenland
Michael Laudrup, named the best Danish football player of all time by the Danish Football Union

Sports are popular in Denmark, and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. The

1992
; other significant achievements include winning the Confederations Cup in 1995 and reaching the quarter-final of the 1998 World Cup. The Denmark women's national handball team celebrated great successes during the 1990s and has won a total of 13 medals—seven gold (in 1994, 1996 (2), 1997, 2000, 2002 and 2004), four silver (in 1962, 1993, 1998 and 2004) and two bronze (in 1995 and 2013). On the men's side, Denmark has won 12 medals—four gold (in 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2019), four silver (in 1967, 2011, 2013 and 2014) and four bronze (in 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2007)—the most that have been won by any team in European Handball Championship history.[277] In 2019, the Danish men's national handball team won their first World Championship title.[278][279]

In recent years, Denmark has made a mark as a strong cycling nation, with Michael Rasmussen reaching King of the Mountains status in the Tour de France in 2005 and 2006. Other popular sports include golf—which is mostly popular among those in the older demographic;[280] tennis—in which Denmark is successful on a professional level; basketball—Denmark joined the international governing body FIBA in 1951;[281] rugby—the Danish Rugby Union dates back to 1950;[282] ice hockey—often competing in the top division in the Men's World Championships; rowing—Denmark specialise in lightweight rowing and are particularly known for their lightweight coxless four, having won six gold and two silver World Championship medals and three gold and two bronze Olympic medals; and several indoor sports—especially badminton, table tennis and gymnastics, in each of which Denmark holds World Championships and Olympic medals.

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Danish: Danmark, pronounced [ˈtænmɑk] ⓘ
  1. royal and military occasions.[1]
  2. ^ German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark.
  3. German
  4. ^ a b c d This data is for Denmark proper only. For data relevant to Greenland and the Faroe Islands see their respective articles.
  5. ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna, but is not a separate currency.[citation needed]
  6. top-level domain name .eu is shared with other European Union
    countries.
  7. ^ Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkʰɔŋəʁiːð̩ ˈtænmɑk] ⓘ.
  8. ^ a b The Kingdom of Denmark's territory in continental Europe is referred to as "metropolitan Denmark",[51] "Denmark proper" (Danish: egentlig Danmark), or simply "Denmark". In this article, usage of "Denmark" excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  9. ^ The island of Bornholm is offset to the east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea.
  10. codified constitution. Changes to it require an absolute majority in two consecutive parliamentary terms and the approval of at least 40% of the electorate through a referendum.[84]
  11. ^ The Constitution refers to "the King" (Danish: kongen), rather than the gender-neutral term "monarch". In light of the restriction of powers of the monarchy, this is best interpreted as referring to the government Cabinet.
  12. index of democracy.[91]
  13. a referendum
    .
  14. ^ As measured in official development assistance (ODA). Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom exceeded the United Nations' ODA target of 0.7% of GNI.
  15. ^ The Church of Denmark is the established church (or state religion) in Denmark and Greenland; the Church of the Faroe Islands became an independent body in 2007.

Citations

  1. ^ "Not one but two national anthems". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  2. ^ a b c Stone et al. (2008), p. 31.
  3. ^ "Bekendtgørelse af ILO-konvention nr. 169 af 28. juni 1989 vedrørende oprindelige folk og stammefolk i selvstændige stater". Retsinformation.dk. 9 October 1997. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  4. ^ "Den dansk-tyske mindretalsordning". UM.dk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  5. ^ "Denmark". Central Intelligence Agency. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  6. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived
    from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Development in the number of inhabitants month by month". www.dst.dk. Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Denmark)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  9. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  10. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 288. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
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General and cited sources
Scholia has a country profile for Denmark.

56°N 10°E / 56°N 10°E / 56; 10

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