Kalašma

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Kalašma or Kalasma (occasionally Kalašpa

Hittite Empire
.

Geography

Kalašma was located somewhere in northwestern Anatolia. Though its precise location is uncertain, its location relative to other places can be deduced from geographical references in contemporary documents. For instance, it is known to have been south of Arawanna and west of Pala and south of Arawanna.[3] Current research suggests that it was located near modern day Bolu.[4]

A city called Harranassi may have been located in Kalašma.[5][6] When Hittite was first deciphered, Bedřich Hrozný took the placename "Kalašmitta" to be a variant of "Kalašma", but current research suggests that they were in fact separate places.[7]

History

Forlanini says that Kalašma was not a

Ḫattuša, the Hittite capital, he had to perform expiatory rituals to the Sun goddess of the Earth.[9]

punitive raid by Hittite general Nuwanzas.[13][14] Muršili replaced the elders with a single administrator named Aparru, who rebelled, seized royal power, and invaded neighbouring Sappa.[15][16][10][17] Aparru was soon defeated but Kalašma was in civil war until pacified the next year by Hutupiyanza, governor of Pala.[15][18]

Kalašmans were later to be found further east, at Pahhuwa on the upper Euphrates, possibly having been deported there by Muršili, or as

mercenary soldiers.[19] Kalašmans fought alongside the Hittites at the Battle of Kadesh against the Egyptian Empire in 1274 BCE.[11]

Kalašma is one of the places mentioned in a

Mukšuš.[20]

Language

In 2023 a tablet written in "

Luwic sub-branch.[4] In 1958 Einar von Schuler [de] had noted that a Hittite-language oath taken by officials from Kalašma represented a different dialect of Hittite from the oath of other regions' officials.[21]

Sources

References

  1. ^ Weeden and Ullmann 2022 p. 232; Garstang 1960 p. 41
  2. ^ Kryszeń, Adam (28 April 2023). "Kalašma". Hittite Toponyms (HiTop). University of Würzburg. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  3. ^ Weeden and Ullmann 2022 pp. 234, 261
  4. ^ a b c "New Indo-European Language Discovered". University of Würzburg. 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  5. ISBN 978-1-58983-657-0
    .
  6. ISSN 1126-6651 – via academia.edu
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-7885-0281-1
    .
  8. ^ Forlanini 2010 p. 158
  9. ^ Lorenz-Link, Ulrike (2009). "1.3.1: Feste der althethitischen Zeit". Uralte Götter und Unterweltsgötter; Religionsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen zur „Sonnengöttin der Erde“ und den „Uralten Göttern“ bei den Hethitern (PDF) (Dr. phil.) (in German). Mainz. pp. 103–104.
  10. ^ a b Weeden and Ullmann 2022 p. 256
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-1-108-86552-4
    .
  12. doi:10.52837/27382702-2021-34.2-01
    .
  • ^ Garstang 1960 p. 46
  • ^ Carnevale 2018 p. 342 n. 1361
  • ^ a b Garstang 1960 p. 45
  • ^ Carnevale 2018 p. 131
  • ISBN 9789004511538
    .
  • ^ Weeden and Ullmann 2022 p. 233
  • ^ Forlanini 2010 pp. 161–162
  • ^ Zangger, Eberhard; Woudhuizen, Fred (2017). "Rediscovered Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Western Asia Minor". Talanta. 50: 21, 27, 39.
  • JSTOR 43581508
    .
    • Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalašma&oldid=1216540862"