Kamal-ol-molk

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Kamal-ol-Molk
Kamal-ol-Molk; photo by Antoin Sevruguin (1851–1933)
Born
Mohammad Ghaffari

(1848-09-29)September 29, 1848
Kashan, Qajar Iran
DiedAugust 18, 1940(1940-08-18) (aged 91)
Nishapur, Iran
Resting placeMausoleum of Kamal-ol-Molk
NationalityIranian
Known forPainting
Notable workTalar-e Ayeneh [fa]
MovementPersian miniature
Spouse
Zahra Khanoom
​
​
(m. 1884; died 1919)​
Children2
The Doshan Tappeh Street, 1899
Mirror Hall, which he believed to be his best work. He painted it over a five-year period.

Mohammad Ghaffari (Persian: محمد غفاری; September 29, 1848 — August 18, 1940), better known as Kamal-ol-Molk (کمال‌المُلک), was an Iranian painter and part of the Ghaffari family in Kashan.

Biography

Mohammad Ghaffari, better known as Kamal-ol-Molk, born in

Abutorab Ghaffari, was also a distinguished painter of his time.[1] Mohammad developed an interest in calligraphy and painting at a young age. In his childhood eagerness, he drew charcoal sketches on the walls of his room.[2]

Upon completion of his primary education, Mohammad moved to Tehran. He may have studied painting for a time with Mirza Esma'il.[3] To further his studies, he registered in Dar-ul-Funun School, a modern institute of higher learning in Persia, where he studied painting with Mozayyen-od-Doleh, a well-known painter who had visited Europe and studied Western art. He studied there for a period of three years.[4] In his school days, the young Ghaffari was given the name Mirza Mohammad Kashi. During his education he began to attract public attention as a talented artist.

In his visits to Dar-ul-Funun, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar came to know Mohammad Ghaffari and invited him to the court. Mohammad further improved his technique, and Nasereddin Shah gave him the title "Kamal-ol-Molk" (Perfection on Land).

During the years he stayed at Nasereddin Shah Qajar's court, Kamal-ol-Molk created some of his most significant works. The paintings he did in this period, which lasted up until the assassination of Nasereddin Shah, were portraits of important people, landscapes, paintings of royal camps and hunting grounds, and various parts of royal palaces.

In this busiest period of Kamal-ol-Molk's artistic life, he created over 170 paintings. However, most of these paintings have either been destroyed or taken abroad.[citation needed] The works he created in this period indicate his desire to develop his oil painting technique. He advanced so much that he even acquired laws of perspective by himself and applied them to his works. His mastery in the delicate use of a brush was as well as bright and lively colors distinguished him from his contemporaries.

Visit to Europe

Following Naser al-Din Shah Qajar's death, Kamal-ol-Molk found it impossible to work under his son, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. Therefore, he set out for Europe in 1898, at the age of 47 to improve his art.[2] Once there, he had discussions with distinguished European artists on style and technique, and copied some of Rembrandt's works, including "Self Portrait", "Jonah", and "Saint Matthew". Kamal-ol-Molk visited most of Europe's museums and closely studied the works of some well-known artists such as Raphael, Titian, and adapted and altered some of their works. He stayed in Europe for about four years. In 1902, he returned to Iran, after which he became court painter to five shahs.[5]

Migration to Iraq

The increasing pressure on Kamal-ol-Molk, originating in Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar's court, left him no option but to leave his country for Iraq, in spite of all the affection he felt for Iran. The visits he made to the holy cities in Iraq inspired his work at this time. "Karbala-ye-Moalla Square", and "Baghdad Jewish Fortune Tellers" are two of his most magnificent works of this period.

With the advent of the Constitutional Movement, after a two-year stay in Iraq, Kamal-ol-Molk returned to Iran and joined the Constitutionalists because of the hatred he had developed towards Mazaffareddin Shah's government. Portraits like "Commander Asa'd Bakhtiari" and "Azad-ol-Molk" signify this period.

Kamal-ol-Molk Art School

Tomb of Kamal-ol-molk, Nishapur
.

The post-

Constitutional
Movement era of Persia brought about a new atmosphere for the artist. The Constitutionalists were cultured and appreciated art more than did their predecessors, thus respect for Kamal-ol-Molk and his works increased.

The master established Sanaye Mostazrafeh Art School, better known as Kamal-ol-Molk Art School, pursued his artistic career and steadied a new style in

woodwork
to his school in order to revive the dying fine arts. In addition to teaching art, through his kind behavior he also taught students love, morals and humanity. Many a time he stayed late at school, teaching. He even allotted a portion of his monthly payment to poor students.

Death

Sufi poet, Attar
.

Gallery

  • Painting of Vosough od-Dowleh
    Painting of
    Vosough od-Dowleh
  • Painting of Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari
    Painting of Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari
  • Painting of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
    Painting of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
  • Portrait of a music group in Naser al-din shah era, 1886
    Portrait of a music group in Naser al-din shah era, 1886
  • The spring hall of Golestan Palace, 1889
    The spring hall of Golestan Palace, 1889
  • Beggar Girls, painting by Kamal-ol-molk in 1889
    Beggar Girls, painting by Kamal-ol-molk in 1889
  • The Baqdadi goldsmith, 1901
    The Baqdadi goldsmith, 1901
  • The Azod-ol-Molk, 1910
    The
    Azod-ol-Molk
    , 1910
  • The Zoka-ol-Molk I, 1913
    The Zoka-ol-Molk I, 1913
  • The Damavand Village, 1915
    The Damavand Village, 1915
  • The Kamal-ol-molk profile portrait, 1925
    The Kamal-ol-molk profile portrait, 1925

See also

References

  1. ^ "Kamal-ol-molk: Eminent Iranian Artist", Iran Review, Online:
  2. ^ a b "KAMĀL-AL-MOLK, MOḤAMMAD ḠAFFĀRI, A. Ashraf with Layla Diba, Encyclopaedia Iranica". Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  3. ^ Booth-Clibborn, E., Pūrjavādī, N.A. and Abrams, H. N., The Splendour of Iran, Volume 1, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 103
  4. ^ The Land of Kings, Regional Cooperation for Development, 1971, p. 98
  5. ^ Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., Iranian Contemporary Art, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, p. 14
  6. ^ Issa, R., Pākbāz,R. and Shayegan, D., Iranian Contemporary Art, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 2001, pp 14-15

External links

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