Karelians (Finns)
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
North and South Karelia | |
Languages | |
Finnish (Savonian and South Karelian dialects) | |
Religion | |
Lutheranism majority Eastern Orthodoxy minority | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Finns, Russian Karelians |
Karelians (
Eastern Kymenlaakso belongs to the historical region of Finnish Karelia, as the Kymi River served as the boundary between the Tavastians and the Karelians during the Middle Ages.[2] However, the Karelian presence in this region during the Middle Ages was weak,[3] and migration from western Finland during this time resulted in an ethnic composition more closely resembling that of western Finland, rather than North Karelia or South Karelia. This is evidenced by the fact that the dialect spoken in much of Kymenlaakso (the southeastern Tavastian dialect) is of western Finnish origin (albeit with Karelian characteristics[4]). Miehikkälä and Virolahti are exceptions, as the South Karelian dialects are spoken in these municipalities.
History
Karelians are one of the three historical Finnish tribes, along with Finns proper and Tavastians. In addition to Karelia, they spread westwards to Savonia. The population of ancient Karelia was split into three in 1323 due to the Treaty of Nöteborg, when the region was divided between Sweden and Novgorod: the Karelians of the Viipuri region (i.e. "Swedish Karelia"), of Novgorod, and of Savonia.[5] Those in Savonia were influenced by the Tavastians, eventually resulting in the formation of the Savonians. Novgorod Karelians received eastern influences from the Vepsians and the Russians, and adopted Eastern Orthodoxy. Their language started developing in a different direction, eventually resulting in the Karelian language. After the reformation, Karelians of Swedish Karelia became Lutherans, and their dialects are considered to belong to the Eastern Finnish dialect group.
In 1617, when the Treaty of Stolbovo was signed, the approximate region of modern-day North Karelia became part of Sweden. As a result, most of the Orthodox Karelians living there escaped to the Tver region of Russia. The area of North Karelia was later repopulated by Savonians. Between 1721–1812, South Karelia and the Karelian Isthmus were part of Russia. This resulted in different dialects being spoken in North and South Karelia, Savonian dialects in the north, and South Karelian dialects in the south.[5]
In the 18th century, a cultural movement known as Karelianism emerged among Finnish artists, poets, sculptors and authors. They saw Karelia as a region which had remained authentic and untouched, thus preserving the "Finnishness" in its purest state. Karelianists travelled to both Finnish Karelia and East Karelia, and created numerous works of art glorifying the nature and mysticism they saw in Karelia.[6] This also resulted in the creation of Kalevala, Finland's national epic.
Following the Winter War, a portion of Finnish Karelia was ceded to the Soviet Union. Over 400,000 Karelians were evacuated to other parts of Finland following the cession,[7] and their descendants are now spread across the country, many still maintaining Karelian identities.
Dialect
The dialect spoken in South Karelia is part of the South Karelian dialects of the Finnish language. These dialects used to be spoken in the Karelian Isthmus and Ingria before World War II.[8][9] The dialect that is spoken in North Karelia is considered to be one of the Savonian dialects.[10]
Identity
Karelians are known as hospitable and playful; a stereotype in large part created by
Notes
- ISBN 978-952-222-890-1.
- ^ Uino, Pirjo (1997). Ancient Karelia. Helsinki: Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104. p. 118.
- ^ Paaskoski, Jyrki; Talka, Anu (2018). Rajamaa. Helsinki: Edita Publishing Oy. p. 181.
- ^ "Kymenlaakson murretta" [Dialect of Kymenlaakso]. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ a b Torikka, Marja. "Miksi nykyään on kaksi Karjalaa ja kahden kielen karjalaa?". kotus.fi. Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ^ a b Sutinen (2022:209).
- ISBN 978-0-7391-1607-4.
- ^ "Karjalat Kartta 1" [Karelia Map]. Archived from the original on 2004-06-02. Retrieved 2004-06-02.
- ^ Savolainen, Erkki (1998). "1.7 Kaakkoismurteiden alue" [1.7 South-Eastern dialect area]. Suomen murteet (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 1999-10-04. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
- ^ Savolainen, Erkki (1998). "1.6 Savolaismurteiden alue" [1.6 Savo dialect area]. Suomen murteet (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 1999-10-06. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
- ^ a b Sutinen (2022: 203).
- ^ Sutinen (2022:232).
- ^ Pitkänen; Westinen (2018:42).
- ^ Sutinen (2022:233).
References
- Sutinen, Ville-Juhani (2022). Matkalla Suomeen – tarinoita heimojen maasta. Latvia: Into Kustannus. ISBN 978-952-351-803-2.
- Pitkänen, Ville; Westinen, Jussi (2018). Sittenkin samanlaisia? Tutkimus suomalaisten identiteeteistä. Kirjapaino Öhrling. ISBN 978-952-7047-09-5. PDF.