Kawésqar
Puerto Edén, Argentina | |
Languages | |
---|---|
Spanish, Kawésqar | |
Religion | |
Traditional tribal religion, Christian (mostly Protestant) | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Yahgan[citation needed] |
The Kawésqar, also known as the Kaweskar, Alacaluf, Alacalufe or Halakwulup, are an
It has been proposed that the Caucahue people known from colonial-era records either are ancient Kawésqar or came to merge with the Kawésqar.[2][3]
Etymology
The English and other Europeans initially adopted the name that the Yahgan (also known as Yámana), a competing indigenous tribe whom they met first in central and southern Tierra del Fuego, used for these people: "Alacaluf" or "Halakwulup" (meaning "mussel eater" in the Yahgan language).[citation needed] Their own name for themselves (autonym) is Kawésqar.
Economy
Like the Yahgan in southern Chile and Argentina, the Kawésqar used to be a nomadic seafaring people, called canoe-people by some anthropologists. They made canoes that were eight to nine meters long and one meter wide, which would hold a family and its dog.[4] They continued this fishing, nomadic practice until the twentieth century, when they were moved into settlements on land. Because of their maritime culture, the Kawésqar have never farmed the land.
Population
The total population of the Kawésqar was estimated not to exceed 5,000. They ranged from the area between the
In the 1930s many remaining Kawésqar were relocated to Wellington Island, in the town of Villa Puerto Edén, to shield them from pressures from the majority culture. Later they moved further south, to Puerto Natales and Punta Arenas.
In the 21st century, few Kawésqar remain. The 2002 census found 2,622 people identifying as Kawésqar (defined as those who still practiced their native culture or spoke their native language). In 2006, only 15 full-blooded members remained, but numerous mestizo have Kawésqar ancestry. Lessons in the Kawésqar language are part of the local curriculum, but few native speakers remain to encourage daily use of their traditional language. In 2021, Kawésqar activist Margarita Vargas López was elected to represent the nation in the Chilean Constitutional Convention.
Tribes and languages
Adwipliin, Aksánas, Alacaluf, Cálen (
]By 1884
Kawéskar in human zoos
In 1881, European anthropologists took eleven Kawéskar people from
See also
- Kawésqar language
- Alberto Achacaz Walakial, Kawésqar man who died in 2008
- Who Will Remember the People..., a 1986 novel by Jean Raspail about the history of the Alacalufe people
- The Pearl Button, a 2015 documentary film
References
- ^ "Síntesis de Resultados Censo 2017" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, Santiago de Chile. p. 16. [dead link]
- ^ Alvarez Abel, Ricardo (2002). "Reflexiones en torno a las identidades de las poblaciones canoeras, situadas entre los 44º y 48º de latitud sur, denominadas "chonos"". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, serie Ciencias Humanas (in Spanish). 30: 79–86.
- .
- ^ a b Patricia Messier Loncuante, "Kawésqar Community" Archived 2012-08-07 at the Wayback Machine, National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, accessed 12 October 2013
- ^ a b Estay, Sergio A.; López, Daniela N.; Silva, Carmen P.; Gayo, Eugenia M.; McRostie, Virginia; Lima, Mauricio. "A modeling approach to estimate the historical population size of the Patagonian Kawésqar people". The Holocene. 32 (6): 578–583.
- ^ Furlong, Charles Wellington (December 1915). "The Haush And Ona, Primitive Tribes Of Tierra Del Fuego". Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists: 446–447. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
- ^ "130 años después regresan los kawésqar", BBC.co.uk, January 2010
External links
- Patricia Messier Loncuante (2005). "Kawésqar Community". Indigenous Geography Project. National Museum of the American Indian. Archived from the original on 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- Los Alacalufes
- Los indios Alacalufes (o Kawésqar)
- Photo Gallery