Klaus Clusius
Klaus Clusius | |
---|---|
Born | Breslau ( University of Zürich | 19 March 1903
Doctoral advisor | Arnold Eucken (Technische Hochschule Breslau) |
Klaus Paul Alfred Clusius (19 March 1903 – 28 May 1963) was a German physical chemist from
Education
Clusius studied at the Technische Hochschule Breslau (today, the
Career
In 1934, Clusius became an
In December 1938, the German chemists
The second Uranverein began after the HWA squeezed out the RFR of the REM and started the formal
In 1939, Clusius and Dickel announced the separation of chlorine isotopes,[17] an accomplishment which had been sought for decades. That same year, Clusius, Paul Harteck, Rudolf Fleischmann, Wilhelm Groth and others initiated experiments with the Clusius-Dickel thermodiffusion isotope separation tube with uranium hexafluoride. In 1942, with about four physical chemists, Clusius further explored isotope separation and conducted experiments on heavy water production problems.[1][18][19]
During
From 1947 to 1963, Clusius was an ordinarius professor of physical chemistry at the Universität Zürich.[1][3] The research he directed included the separation and enrichment of stable isotopes, among them those of rare gases (except for helium) using cascaded Clusius-Dickel separation columns. These isotopes, which were in much demand, were supplied to a number of research laboratories. Further research was high-precision calorimetry, elucidation of chemical reaction pathways using 15-nitrogen, electrochemical and low temperature fractionation methods for large scale production of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes. His research activities in Zürich are best described in.[21][22] Clusius mentored a large number of graduate students and postdoctoral associates, among them several with future careers in academia. Among these was Ernst Schumacher,[23] who became a professor at the University of Bern, where he in turn mentored a large number of students and associates. Another student was Horst Meyer (physicist) professor at Duke University. Among the postdoctoral assistants was Michael Hoch, who became professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Cincinnati.
Honors
Clusius received honors which included:[3][24]
- 1958 – Marcel-Benoist-Preis
- Member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina
- Honorary doctorate from the Technische Hochschule Hannover
Internal Reports
The following reports were published in
- Klaus Clusius I. Bericht über Trennversuche von Metallionen mit Hilfe des Nernstschen Verteilungssatzes G-18 (1 June 1940)
- Klaus Clusius and M. Maierhauser II. Bericht G-19 (28 July 1940)
- Klaus Clusius, Gerhard Dickel, and M. Maierhauser III. Bericht G-20 (13 January 1941)
- Klaus Clusius, M. Maierhauser, and Gerhard Dickel Bericht über die im Jahre 1940/41 ausgeführten Versuche zur Entwicklung eines Auswaschverfahrens zur Isotopentrennung G-73 (1941)
- Klaus Clusius, Gerhard Dickel, and Ludwig Waldmann Über die Beeinflussung des Wirkungsgrades von Draht-Trennrohren durch Zentrierung und Einbaur von Scheiben G-132 (20 February 1942)
- Klaus Clusius and M. Maierhauser Über die Weiterentwicklung des Verfahrens zur Isotopentrennung mittels des Nernst’schen Verteilungssatzes G-133 (March 1942)
- Klaus Clusius and Kurt Starke Zur Gewinnung von schwerem Wasser G-134 (24 February 1942)
- Klaus Clusius and Kurt Starke Zur Theorie der franktionierten Destillation von H2-HD-D2 Gemischen G-189 (29 June 1942)
- Klaus Clusius Isotopentrennung G-207 (5 May 1943)
- Kurt Diebner, Werner Czulius, W. Herrmann, Georg Hartwig, F. Berkei and E. Kamin Über die Neutronenvermehrung einer Anordnung aus Uranwürfeln und schwerem Wasser (G III) G-210
Selected literature
- K. Clusius and C. N. Hinshelwood Homogeneous Catalysis of Gaseous Reactions. Part I. The Decomposition of Isopropyl Ether under the Influence of Halides, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Volume 128, No. 807, 75–81 (1930)
- Klaus Clusius and Gerhard Dickel Neues Verfahren zur Gasentmischung und Isotopentrennung, Die NaturwissenschaftenVolume 26, 546 (1938)
- Klaus Clusius and Gerhard Dickel Zur Trennung der Chlorisotope, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, 148 (1939)
- Klaus Clusius and Gerhard Dickel Das Trennrohrverfahren bei Flüssigkeiten, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, 148–149 (1939)
- G. Böhm and K. Clusius, Die Struktur aufsteigender H2-O2-Flammen, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A Inhaltsverzeichnis Band 3a, Heft 7, 386–391 (1948)
- K. Clusius and H. Haimerl, Variationen zum chemischen Austauschverfahren, Anreicherung von 34S, Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A Inhaltsverzeichnis Band 3a, Heft 8–11, 611–616 (1948)
- Klaus Clusius Flüssiger Wasserstoff, Neujahrsblätter der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich Number 158 (1956). Institutional citation: Physikalisch-chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich
Notes
- ^ a b c d Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Clusius.
- ^ Arnold Eucken Archived 2014-02-15 at the Wayback Machine – Directors of the old Göttingen physicochemical institute (1895–1971).
- ^ a b c d Klaus Clusius Archived 2007-10-17 at the Wayback Machine – Marcel Benoist Stiftung.
- Die NaturwissenschaftenVolume 26, 546 (1938).
- ^ Walker, 1993, 27–29 and 43.
- ^ O. Hahn and F. Strassmann Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons), Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Number 1, 11–15 (1939). The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem. Received 22 December 1938.
- ^ Ruth Lewin Sime Lise Meitner’s Escape from Germany, American Journal of Physics Volume 58, Number 3, 263- 267 (1990).
- ^ Lise Meitner and O. R. Frisch Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction, Nature, Volume 143, Number 3615, 239–240 (11 February 1939). The paper is dated 16 January 1939. Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen.
- ^ O. R. Frisch Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment, Nature, Volume 143, Number 3616, 276–276 (18 February 1939) Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The paper is dated 17 January 1939. [The experiment for this letter to the editor was conducted on 13 January 1939; see Richard Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb 263 and 268 (Simon and Schuster, 1986).]
- ^ Kant, 2002, Reference 8 on p. 3.
- ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 363–364 and Appendix F; see the entries for Esau, Harteck and Joos. See also the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entry for the HWA in Appendix B.
- ^ Macrakis, Kristie Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1993) 164–169.
- ^ a b Jagdish Mehra and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 6. The Completion of Quantum Mechanics 1926–1941. Part 2. The Conceptual Completion and Extension of Quantum Mechanics 1932–1941. Epilogue: Aspects of the Further Development of Quantum Theory 1942–1999. (Springer, 2001) 1010–1011.
- ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 363–364 and Appendix F; see the entries for Diebner and Döpel. See also the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entry for the HWA in Appendix B.
- ^ Kristie Macrakis Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1993) 164–169.
- ^ Kant, 2002, 3n13.
- ^ Klaus Clusius and Gerhard Dickel Zur Trennung der Chlorisotope, Die Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, 148 (1939).
- ^ Walker, 1993, 27–29 and 52–53.
- ^ Kant, 2002, 19.
- ^ Walker, 1993, 105.
- ^ Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) Dec.11, 1959, "Klaus Clusius" p.15 bottom row, p.16, left bottom row http://www.phy.duke.edu/~hm/Clusius.pdf
- ^ NZZ Dec.11,1959 "Klaus Clusius" article, english translation http://www.phy.duke.edu/~hm/K.Clusius-E.Schumacher.pdf
- ^ "Schumacher, Ernst".
- ^ Marcel-Benoist-Preis Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine – 1958, Klaus Clusius.
- ^ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix E; see the entry for Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte.
- ^ Walker, 1993, 268–274.
Bibliography
- Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) ISBN 0-8176-5312-0
- Kant, Horst Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen, Preprint 203 (Max-Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 2002)
- Walker, Mark German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949 (Cambridge, 1993) ISBN 0-521-43804-7