Lachlann Mac Ruaidhrí

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Lachlann Mac Ruaidhrí
Edward I, King of England[1]
PredecessorAiléan mac Ruaidhrí
SuccessorRuaidhrí Mac Ruaidhrí
Noble familyClann Ruaidhrí
FatherAiléan mac Ruaidhrí

Lachlann Mac Ruaidhrí (

Guardians of Scotland; and his near-rival William II, Earl of Ross. Lachlann disappears from record in 1307/1308, and appears to have been succeeded by his brother, Ruaidhrí
, as chief of Clann Ruaidhrí.

Clann Ruaidhrí

Map of Britain and Ireland
Locations relating to Lachlann's life and times

Lachlann was an illegitimate

Alasdair Óg Mac Domhnaill, Lord of Islay.[21]

Career

In opposition to English adherents

Edward I on folio 9r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson C 292[22]

Ailéan disappears from record by 1296,

Rhum, and the Small Isles—was given to William II, Earl of Ross, whilst the latter region—consisting of Argyll (except Cowal and Kintyre), Mull, Jura and Islay—was given to Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill.[29] Despite the king's intentions, his new sheriffs seem to have used their positions to exploit royal power against local rivals. Whilst Clann Domhnaill was forced to deal with its powerful Clann Dubhghaill rivals, Clann Ruaidhrí appears to have fallen afoul of the Earl of Ross over control of Kintail, Skye, and Uist.[30] Evidence of the earl's actions against Clann Ruaidhrí is revealed in correspondence between him and the English Crown in 1304. In this particular communiqué, William II recalled a costly military campaign which he had conducted in the 1290s against rebellious Hebridean chieftains—including Lachlann himself—at the behest of the then-reigning John (reigned 1292–1296).[31]

Alasdair Óg Mac Domhnaill,[32]
opponent of Lachlann and his brother

In 1296, Edward I invaded and easily conquered the Scottish realm.

Ross elite, including William II himself. The earl remained in captivity from 1296 to 1303, a lengthy span of years in which the sons of Ailéan capitalised upon the resulting power vacuum.[34] Like most other Scottish landholders, Lachlann rendered homage to the triumphant king later in 1296.[35][note 3] One of the Scottish king's most ardent supporters had been Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill, a fact which appears to have led Edward I to use the former's chief rival, Alasdair Óg, the chief of Clann Domhnaill, as his primary agent in the maritime west. In this capacity, Alasdair Óg attempted to contain the Clann Dubhghaill revolt against English authority.[38]

The struggle between the two Clann Somhairle namesakes seems to be attested not long after Alasdair Óg's appointment in April 1296, and is documented in two undated letters from the latter to Edward I. In the first, Alasdair Óg complained to the king that Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill had ravaged his lands. Although Alasdair Óg further noted that he had overcome Ruaidhrí and thereby brought him to heel,[39] the fealty that Ruaidhrí swore to the English Crown appears to have been rendered merely as a stalling tactic,[40] since Lachlann then attacked Alasdair Óg, and both Clann Ruaidhrí brothers proceeded to ravage Skye and Lewis and Harris. At the end of the letter, the Clann Domhnaill chief implored upon Edward I to instruct the other noblemen of Argyll and Ross to aid him in his struggle against the king's enemies.[39][note 4]

Comyn kindred
. In 1297, Alasdair Óg pursued his opponents to the castle, where he attempted to capture the largest warships on the western seaboard.

In the second letter, Alasdair Óg again appealed to the English Crown, complaining that he faced a united front from Donnchadh, Lachlann, Ruaidhrí, and the Comyns. According to Alasdair Óg, the men of

Comyn stronghold of Inverlochy Castle[42]—the principal fortress in Lochaber[43]—where he was unable to capture—but nevertheless destroyed—two massive galleys which he described as the largest warships in the Western Isles. Much like in the first letter, Alasdair Óg called upon the English king for financial support in combating his mounting opponents.[42]

Alasdair Óg's dispatches seem to show that Lachlann and Ruaidhrí were focused upon seizing control of Skye and Lewis and Harris from the absentee Earl of Ross. Whilst the first communiqué reveals that the initial assault upon the islands concerned pillage, the second letter appears to indicate that the islands were subjected to further invasions by Clann Ruaidhrí, suggesting that the acquisition of these islands was the family's goal. The bitter strife between Clann Ruaidhrí and Clann Domhnaill depicted by these letters seems to indicate that both kindreds sought to capitalise on the earl's absence, and that both families sought to incorporate the islands into their own lordships. In specific regard to Clann Ruaidhrí, it is likely that the kindred's campaigning was an extension of the conflict originating from the creation of the

shrievalty of Skye, granted to William II in 1293.[44] The correspondence also reveals that Lachlann and Ruaidhrí were able to split their forces and operate somewhat independently of each other. Although Alasdair Óg was evidently able to overcome one of them at a time, he was nevertheless vulnerable to a counterattack from the other.[45] Another aspect of the strife between the two kindreds is the possibility that it coincided with the anti-English campaign waged by Andrew Murray and Alexander Pilche against the embattled Countess of Ross in eastern Ross. If so, it is conceivable that there was some sort of communication and coordination between Clann Ruaidhrí and the Murray-Pilche coalition.[46] Lachlann's marital alliance with Clann Dubhghaill clearly benefited his kindred, linking it with the Comyn-Clann Dubhghaill pact in a coalition that encircled the Earldom of Ross.[47]

In opposition to Scottish patriots

Refer to caption
The arms of the Lord of Argyll depicted in the fourteenth-century Balliol Roll[48][note 5]

Little else is known of Lachlann's activities until 1299. A report of an English spy at an important council of the

Guardians of Scotland in August of this year reveals that news of devastations beyond the Firth of Forth committed by Lachlann and Alexander Comyn, younger brother of John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, was brought before leading Scottish magnates. According to the English informant, the severity of this news immediately quelled a heated quarrel that threatened the assembly itself.[53][note 6]

In June 1301, Edward I instructed the

Admiral of the Cinque Ports, Gervase Alard, to take into the king's peace Alasdair Mac Dubhghaill, the latter's sons Eóin and Donnchadh, Lachlann himself, and Lachlann's wife and their followers.[56] Although no evidence of the admiral's activities off Scotland's western seaboard survive for that year, it is apparent that this impending submission of Clann Dubhghaill was regarded by the English as significant enough to divert the fleet. Clann Dubhghaill's conciliation with the English Crown may have been undertaken merely as a means to improve the family's own position, or possibly conducted on account of the apparent success of Clann Domhnaill's actions against them.[57]

Refer to caption
The arms of the Earl of Buchan depicted in Balliol Roll[58]

In 1304, correspondence from

Thomas Dundee, Bishop of Ross.[59] Although the earl did not identify the said lands, they would appear to have been Clann Ruaidhrí territories such as Uist, Barra, the Small Isles and perhaps Skye.[60]

Cairistíona
.

In February 1306,

Carrick.[70] In contrast to the evidence of assistance lent by Cairistíona to the Scottish king, Lachlann is recorded to have aligned himself closer with the English, as he appears to have personally sworn fealty to Edward I at Ebchester in August 1306, and petitioned for certain lands of Patrick Graham, a landholder forfeited from his estate for lending support to the Bruce cause. The document that preserves this petition records Lachlann's name as "Loughlā Mac Lochery des Isles".[71][note 8]

Refer to caption
The arms of the Earl of Ross depicted in Balliol Roll[74]

In October, there is evidence indicating that a certain Cristin del Ard delivered messages from the English Crown to William II, Lachlann, Ruaidhrí, and a certain Eóin Mac Neacail.

Clann Mhic Neacail on record.[76] At about this time, this clan seems to have been seated on Skye and Lewis and Harris, and it is possible that the comital family of Ross had cultivated Clann Mhic Neacail as an ally against Clann Ruaidhrí shortly after the creation of the shrievalty of Skye in 1293.[77] Cristin was a close associate of William II, and the fact that the English Crown seems to have used the earl as a conduit for communications with Clann Ruaidhrí and Clann Mhic Neacail appears to indicate that the earl had brought the northwestern territories of these families back within his sphere of influence.[78] Whatever the case, William II played a key role in Robert I's misfortunes at about this time, as the earl captured the latter's wife and daughter—Elizabeth and Marjorie—and delivered them into the hands of Edward I.[79] The correspondence could have concerned this particular episode,[80] and may evince an attempt by the English Crown to project pro-English power into the Isles against Robert I and his supporters.[81]

In opposition to the Earl of Ross

Black and white illustration of a mediaeval seal
The seal of Alexander Comyn,[82] Lachlann's ally

In 1303, after seven years of imprisonment, William II was released from captivity in England. It is possible that he had stubbornly refused to swear allegiance to the English until 1303, and that he only did so in a last attempt to safeguard what was left of his embattled earldom.[83] It appears that, upon regaining his domain, one of the responsibilies William II was tasked with was to bring the Hebrides under control.[84] However, he found himself facing a dangerous alliance between Alexander Comyn and the ever-strengthening Lachlann. This hostile front may account for the earl's part in John Strathbogie's correspondence to Edward I, as well as William II's 1304 communiqué to the king recounting his own part in combating Lachlann and other rebellious Hebrideans years before. Such correspondence suggest that the earl was attempting to instil doubts concerning the value of Lachlann and Alexander Comyn to English interests in the region, whilst highlighting his own usefulness.[85] Certainly by 1306, the English Crown granted Alexander Comyn's former stronghold of Urquhart to William II himself.[86]

Edward II on folio 105r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson C 292[87]

Lachlann last appears on record in 1307/1308 in correspondence between William II and

Chronicle of Lanercost reveals that Robert I received Hebridean support when he first launched his return from exile in Carrick/Galloway.[94] Having been in conflict with William II for over decade, it appears that Lachlann and his kin capitalised on Robert I's campaign against the earl and his confederates. The Scottish king's success against William II may well have stemmed from leading Islesmen like Lachlann himself.[95] In 1308, the earl submitted to Robert I,[96] and thereby offset aggression from his Clann Ruaidhrí adversaries.[97] Following Lachlann's last appearance on record, perhaps after his own demise,[98] Ruaidhrí seems to have succeeded him in representation of Clann Ruaidhrí.[99]

Succession

National Library of Scotland Advocates' 72.1.1 (MS 1467): "Ragnall finn"[100]

Ruaidhrí appears to have only gained control of the lordship after swearing allegiance to Robert I.[101] Specifically, at some during the king's reign, Cairistíona resigned her claims with the condition that, if Ruaidhrí died without a male heir, and her like-named son married one of Ruaidhrí's daughters, Cairistíona's son would secure the inheritance.[102] Although there is uncertainty as to why the king allowed Ruaidhrí consolidate control of the kindred over his own close associate Cairistíona,[103] it is apparent that Ruaidhrí's faithful service to the king ensured the continuation of his kindred.[104]

At about the turn of the twentieth century, partisan historians of Clann Domhnaill portrayed Lachlann and his kin as "Highland rovers", and likened their exploits against Clann Domhnaill to the "piratical tendencies of the ancient

National Library of Scotland Advocates' 72.1.1 (MS 1467), Lachlann had a son named Raghnall.[108]

Ancestry

Notes

  1. patronyms in English secondary sources: Lachlan Mac Ruaidhri,[2] Lachlan Mac Ruairi,[3] Lachlan MacRuairi,[4] Lachlan MacRuairidh,[5] Lachlan MacRuari,[6] Lachlan macRuari,[7] Lachlan Macruarie,[8] Lachlan MacRuarie,[9] Lachlann Mac Ruaidhrí,[10] and Lochlan Macruari.[11]
  2. ^ For example, in one particular piece of correspondence Lachlann is called "Laclan Magrogri".[18]
  3. Lachlann into forms of the more common Continental name Roland.[36] Lachlann is attested by numerous sources written in Latin and French, with about half of these according him forms of the name Roland.[37]
  4. ^ According to early twentieth-century tradition in Ardnamurchan, two battles were fought in the bays between Gortenfern (grid reference NM 608 689) and Sgeir a' Chaolais (grid reference NM 623 702). Archaeological finds in the vicinity of Cul na Croise (grid reference NM 622 698)—a bay between Sgeir a Chaolais and Sgeir nam Meann—consist of spears, daggers, arrow-heads, and a coin dating to the reign of Edward I. These artefacts could indicate that Cul na Croise was the site of conflict fought in the context of the strife between Edward I's representative, Alasdair Óg, and the Clann Ruaidhrí brothers, Lachlann and Ruaidhrí. According to early twentieth-century local tradition, one of the battles fought in the area concerned a certain "Red Rover", and another fought nearby concerned an Irishman named "Duing" or "Dewing".[41]
  5. Somhairle mac Giolla Brighde.[51] It was also a symbol of the Crovan dynasty, which could mean that it passed to Somhairle's family through his wife.[52]
  6. ^ Although it is likely that the Alexander Comyn recorded in the spy's report is indeed a younger brother of the Earl of Buchan, another possibility is that he was instead the brother of Lachlann's ally, John Comyn II of Badenoch.[54] In any case, Lachlann was certainly associated with the son of the earl in 1304.[55]
  7. Mar kindred may well account for her support of the Bruce cause.[69]
  8. ^ Patrick was a son-in-law of Lachlann's brother-in-law, Eóin Mac Dubhghaill.[72] The location of the lands petitioned by Lachlann is unknown. They may have been located in the Hebrides or west Highlands.[73]

Citations

  1. ^ Bain (1884) p. 435 § 1633; Petitioners: John de Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl (n.d.).
  2. ^ Duffy (1993).
  3. ^ Holton (2017).
  4. ^ Caldwell (2016); Brown (2011); Brown (2008); Caldwell (2004); McQueen (2002).
  5. ^ Barrow, GWS (2006).
  6. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015); Watson (2013); Fisher (2005); Sellar (2004a); Campbell of Airds (2000); Roberts (1999); Easson (1986).
  7. ^ Roberts (1999).
  8. ^ Barrow, GWS (2005); Barrow, GWS (1973).
  9. ^ Watson (2013); Barrow, GWS (1992); Watson (1991); Barrow, GWS (1976).
  10. ^ Murray, N (2002).
  11. ^ Rixson (1982).
  12. ^ Holton (2017) p. 153; Boardman, S (2006) p. 46; Ewan (2006); Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 377; McDonald (2004) p. 181; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 381.
  13. ^ a b c d Holton (2017) p. viii fig. 2; Fisher (2005) p. 86 fig. 5.2; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; Roberts (1999) p. 99 fig. 5.2; McDonald (1997) p. 258 genealogical tree ii; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 279 tab. 1; Rixson (1982) p. 14 fig. 1.
  14. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 126–127; Duffy (2007) p. 10; McDonald (2007) p. 110; McAndrew (2006) p. 66; Raven (2005a) p. 56; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Murray, A (1998) p. 5.
  15. ^ Holton (2017) p. 153; Boardman, S (2006) p. 46; Ewan (2006); McDonald (2004) p. 181; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 381.
  16. ^ Holton (2017) p. 153; Boardman, S (2006) p. 46; Ewan (2006); Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 219; McDonald (2004) p. 181; Roberts (1999) p. 143; Murray, A (1998) p. 5; McDonald (1997) pp. 174, 189; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 283 n. 13; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 380.
  17. ^ Bannerman (1998) p. 25; MacGregor (1989) pp. 24–25, 25 n. 51.
  18. ^ Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 450 n. 104; MacGregor (1989) pp. 24–25, 25 n. 51; List of Diplomatic Documents (1963) p. 193; Bain (1884) p. 235 § 903; Stevenson (1870) pp. 189–191 § 445; Document 3/0/0 (n.d.c).
  19. ^ Beuermann (2010) p. 108 n. 28.
  20. ^ Holton (2017) p. 153; Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 58, 59 n. 38, 60; Boardman, S (2006) p. 54 n. 60; Sellar (2004a); Murray, N (2002) p. 222; Sellar (2000) p. 211; Duffy (1993) p. 158; Sellar (1971) p. 31; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1895) p. 588; Bain (1884) p. 307 § 1204; Stevenson (1870) pp. 429–430 § 610; Document 1/27/0 (n.d.).
  21. ^ Sellar (1971) p. 31.
  22. ^ Statutes of England to 1320 (n.d.a).
  23. ^ Holton (2017) p. 153; McDonald (1997) p. 189.
  24. ^ Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 380.
  25. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 153–154.
  26. ^ a b Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 55.
  27. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 55, 59–60; Brown (2011) p. 16; Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 76; Brown (2004) p. 258, 258 n. 4; McQueen (2002) p. 110; Sellar (2000) p. 212; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 204–205; Bain (1884) p. 145 § 621; Rymer; Sanderson (1816) p. 761; Document 3/33/0 (n.d.).
  28. ^ Holton (2017) p. 151; Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 49–50; Watson (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 43; Brown (2011) p. 15; Young; Stead (2010b) p. 53; Stell (2005); Brown (2004) p. 258; Watson (1991) pp. 29 n. 27, 241; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 114, 148 n. 16, 413.
  29. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 49–50, 50 n. 3; Cameron (2014) p. 152; Petre (2014) pp. 270–272; Brown (2011) p. 15; Barrow, GWS (2006) p. 147; Brown (2004) p. 258; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 383; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 216–217; The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (1844) p. 447; RPS, 1293/2/16 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/16 (n.d.b); RPS, 1293/2/17 (n.d.a); RPS, 1293/2/17 (n.d.b).
  30. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 50–51; Brown (2011) pp. 15–16; Boardman, S (2006) p. 19; Brown (2004) p. 258.
  31. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 50–51, 63–64; Brown (2011) p. 15; Brown (2008) pp. 31–32; Boardman, S (2006) p. 19; Brown (2004) p. 258; Watson (1991) p. 259; Bain (1884) pp. 434–435 § 1631, 435 § 1632; Document 3/20/5 (n.d); Document 3/20/6 (n.d).
  32. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 67; McDonald (1995) p. 132; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 281 n. 5; Rixson (1982) pp. 128, 219 n. 2; Macdonald (1904) p. 227 § 1793; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 88–89; Laing (1866) p. 91 § 536.
  33. ^ Prestwich (2008); Brown (2004) p. 259.
  34. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 51–57, 95–96.
  35. ^ a b Holton (2017) pp. 156–157, 156 n. 126; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 55; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 381, 381 n. 2; Bain (1884) pp. 209–210 § 823; Instrumenta Publica (1834) p. 158; Document 6/2/0 (n.d.).
  36. ^ Holton (2017) p. 157; Broun (2011) p. 275; Barrow, GWS (2006) p. 147 n. 28; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 308 n. 42; Oram (2000) p. 215 n. 64; McDonald (1997) pp. 189, 190 n. 121; Duffy (1993) p. 75 n. 47; Rixson (1982) p. 208 n. 4; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 381 n. 2.
  37. ^ Holton (2017) p. 156 n. 126.
  38. ^ Watson (2013) ch. 2 ¶ 18; McNamee (2012b) ch. 3; Young; Stead (2010a) pp. 68–69; Brown (2004) pp. 258–259; Rotuli Scotiæ (1814) p. 40; Document 5/1/0 (n.d.).
  39. ^ a b Holton (2017) pp. 152–153; Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 56–57; Watson (2013) ch. 2 ¶ 49, 2 n. 52; Barrow, GWS (2006) p. 147; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 141, 450 n. 104; Brown (2004) pp. 259–260; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 60; McDonald (1997) pp. 165, 190; Watson (1991) pp. 245–246; Rixson (1982) pp. 13–15, 208 n. 2, 208 n. 4; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 381; List of Diplomatic Documents (1963) p. 193; Bain (1884) pp. 235–236 § 904; Stevenson (1870) pp. 187–188 § 444; Document 3/0/0 (n.d.b).
  40. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 56.
  41. ^ Lethbridge (1924–1925).
  42. ^ a b Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 56–57, 60; Watson (2013) ch. 2 ¶¶ 49–50, 2 n. 52; Brown (2009) pp. 10–11; Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 141, 450 n. 104; Fisher (2005) p. 93; Brown (2004) p. 260; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 60; Sellar (2000) p. 212; McDonald (1997) pp. 154, 165; Watson (1991) pp. 246–249; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 284 n. 18; Rixson (1982) pp. 15–16, 208 n. 4, 208 n. 6; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 381; List of Diplomatic Documents (1963) p. 193; Bain (1884) p. 235 § 903; Stevenson (1870) pp. 189–191 § 445; Document 3/0/0 (n.d.c).
  43. ^ Young; Stead (2010a) pp. 24, 102.
  44. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 57, 95–96.
  45. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 57–58.
  46. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 51–52, 58, 61, 95–96; Bain (1884) p. 239 § 922; Document 3/0/0 (n.d.a).
  47. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 96.
  48. ^ Woodcock; Flower; Chalmers et al. (2014) p. 419; Campbell of Airds (2014) p. 204; McAndrew (2006) p. 66; McAndrew (1999) p. 693 § 1328; McAndrew (1992); The Balliol Roll (n.d.).
  49. ^ Woodcock; Flower; Chalmers et al. (2014) p. 419; McAndrew (2006) p. 66; The Balliol Roll (n.d.).
  50. ^ McAndrew (2006) p. 66; McAndrew (1999) p. 693 § 1328; McAndrew (1992).
  51. ^ Campbell of Airds (2014) pp. 202–203.
  52. ^ Johns (2003) p. 139.
  53. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 58–59, 59 n. 37; Penman (2014) pp. 60, 62–63; Watson (2013) ch. 3 ¶ 68; Barrow, GWS (2006) p. 147; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 140–141, 450 n. 99, 450 n. 103; Watson (2004a); McQueen (2002) p. 199; Watson (1991) pp. 101, 252–253, 252 n. 43; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 174–175; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 381; Bain (1884) pp. 525–526 § 1978.
  54. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 59 n. 37; Watson (1991) p. 252 n. 43.
  55. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 59 n. 37.
  56. ^ Holton (2017) p. 153; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 59; Watson (2013) ch. 4 ¶¶ 78–80; Campbell of Airds (2000) p. 60; Sellar (2000) p. 211; McDonald (1997) p. 168; Watson (1991) pp. 255, 271; Reid, WS (1960) pp. 10–11; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1895) p. 588; Bain (1884) p. 307 § 1204; Stevenson (1870) pp. 429–430 § 610; Document 1/27/0 (n.d.).
  57. ^ Watson (2013) ch. 4 ¶ 80.
  58. ^ Woodcock; Flower; Chalmers et al. (2014) p. 110; McAndrew (2006) p. 44; McAndrew (1999) pp. 674, 703; The Balliol Roll (n.d.).
  59. ^ Caldwell (2016) pp. 363–364; Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 62–65, 63 n. 50; Brown (2008) pp. 31–32; Barrow, GWS (2006) p. 147; Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 202; Caldwell (2004) pp. 74–75; Watson (2004b); Watson (1991) p. 254; Oram (1988) p. 344; Easson (1986) pp. 85–86, 125, 159–160; Macphail (1916) p. 237; Bain (1884) p. 435 § 1633.
  60. ^ Caldwell (2016) p. 364; Barrow, GWS (2006) p. 147; Easson (1986) p. 85 n. 191.
  61. ^ Birch (1905) p. 135 pl. 20.
  62. ^ Barrow, GWS (2008); Young (2004); McDonald (1997) p. 169.
  63. ^ Barrow, GWS (2008); McDonald (1997) pp. 170–174.
  64. ^ Caldwell (2016) p. 360; Penman (2014) pp. 104, 359 n. 82; Caldwell (2012) p. 284; Young; Stead (2010a) p. 92; Scott (2009) ch. 8 ¶ 46; Brown (2008) p. 19; Duncan (2007) pp. 19, 118 n. 725–62; Boardman, S (2006) pp. 49 n. 6, 55 n. 61; McDonald (2006) p. 79; Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 219; Brown (2004) p. 262; Duffy (2002) p. 60; Traquair (1998) p. 140; McDonald (1997) pp. 174, 189, 196; Goldstein (1991) p. 279 n. 32; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 283 n. 13; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 293–294; Barrow, GWS (1973) pp. 380–381; Barnes; Barrow (1970) p. 47; Mackenzie (1909) p. 407 n. 133; Eyre-Todd (1907) p. 77 n. 1; Skene (1872) p. 335 ch. 121; Skene (1871) p. 343 ch. 121.
  65. ^ Jack (2016) pp. 84, 84 n. 219, 253; Pollock (2015) p. 179 n. 122; Brown (2011) p. 15; Oram (2003) p. 64, 64 n. 84.
  66. ^ Jack (2016) p. 84 n. 219; Beam (2012) p. 58, 58 n. 23; Caldwell (2012) p. 284; McNamee (2012b) ch. 5 ¶ 51; Findlater (2011) p. 69; Young; Stead (2010a) p. 92; Scott (2009) ch. 8 ¶¶ 43–44; Boardman, S (2006) p. 46; McDonald (2006) p. 79; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 219, 246 tab. ii; McDonald (2004) p. 188; Oram (2003) p. 64 n. 84; Roberts (1999) p. 132; McDonald (1997) pp. 189, 258 genealogical tree ii n. 1; Duncan (1996) pp. 582–583; Goldstein (1991) p. 279 n. 32; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 283 n. 13; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 380.
  67. ^ Jack (2016) pp. 262–263 tab. 1, 264 tab. 2; Penman (2014) p. 39; Beam (2012) p. 58, 58 n. 23; Caldwell (2012) p. 284; McNamee (2012b) ch. 5 ¶ 51; Brown (2011) p. 13, 13 n. 55; Findlater (2011) p. 69; Barrow, LG (2010) p. 4; Young; Stead (2010a) pp. 22 tab., 92; Scott (2009) ch. 8 ¶ 44; Barrow, GWS (2008); Boardman, S (2006) p. 46; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 184, 219, 245–246 tab. ii; McDonald (2004) p. 188; Cannon; Hargreaves (2001) p. 142; Roberts (1999) p. 132; McDonald (1997) p. 189; Goldstein (1991) p. 279 n. 32.
  68. ^ Jack (2016) pp. 262–263 tab. 1, 264 tab. 2; Penman (2014) pp. 27, 39; Daniels (2013) p. 95; McNamee (2012b) ch. 5 ¶ 51; Brown (2011) p. 13; Young; Stead (2010a) p. 22 tab.; Duncan (2008); Boardman, S (2006) p. 46; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 58, 184, 219, 245–246 tab. ii; Watson (2004a); Watson (2004b); Ross (2003) p. 171; Cannon; Hargreaves (2001) p. 142.
  69. ^ Watson (2013) ch. 1 ¶ 32; McDonald (2006) p. 79; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 219–220; McDonald (1997) p. 174.
  70. ^ Barrow, GWS (2008); Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 220–224; McDonald (1997) pp. 174–175; Skene (1872) p. 335 ch. 121; Skene (1871) p. 343 ch. 121.
  71. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 70–71, 71 n. 87; Barrow, GWS (2006) p. 147; Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 423; Barrow, GWS (1992) pp. 168–169; Barrow, GWS (1976) pp. 163–164; Barrow, GWS (1973) pp. 381–382; Palgrave (1837) p. 310 § 142.
  72. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 58; Penman (2014) p. 223; Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 488 n. 103; Sellar (2004b); Penman (1999) p. 49.
  73. ^ Barrow, GWS (1992) pp. 168–169.
  74. ^ Chesshyre; Woodcock; Grant et al. (1992) p. 277; McAndrew (2006) p. 136; The Balliol Roll (n.d.).
  75. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 72; Brown (2008) p. 20; Sellar; Maclean (1999) pp. 6–7; Document 5/3/0 (n.d.b); Simpson; Galbraith (n.d.) p. 205 § 472w.
  76. ^ Sellar; Maclean (1999) pp. 6–8.
  77. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 51.
  78. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 72–73.
  79. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 73; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 207–208; Barrow, GWS (2004); Sellar; Maclean (1999) pp. 6–7.
  80. ^ Sellar; Maclean (1999) pp. 6–7.
  81. ^ Brown (2008) p. 20.
  82. ^ McAndrew (2006) pp. 43 n. 19, 44; Macdonald (1904) p. 66 § 587; Fraser (1888) pp. 454 § 4, 464 fig. 14; Laing (1850) p. 42 § 223.
  83. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 61; Brown (2004) p. 194.
  84. ^ Watson (2013) ch. 7 ¶ 7.
  85. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 62–64, 74.
  86. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 67–68, 74; Document 5/3/0 (n.d.c); Simpson; Galbraith (n.d.) p. 216 § 492xvi.
  87. ^ Statutes of England to 1320 (n.d.b).
  88. ^ a b Holton (2017) p. 154; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 73; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 228–229; McDonald (1997) p. 190; Reid, NH (1984) pp. 300–301; Rixson (1982) pp. 18–19, 208 n. 10; Barrow, GWS (1973) p. 382; Bain (1888) pp. 382 § 1837, 400 § 14; Document 3/20/7 A (n.d.).
  89. ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 2; Neville (2012) p. 1; Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 226–228; Watson (2004a); McQueen (2002) p. 223.
  90. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 75; Rixson (1982) pp. 18–19.
  91. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 75.
  92. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 75, 75 n. 109; McNamee (2012a) ch. 2; Brown (2008) pp. 31–32.
  93. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 75, 75 n. 109; Bain (1884) p. 513 § 1926; Document 5/3/0 (n.d.a).
  94. ^ McNamee (2012a) ch. 2 n. 28; Maxwell (1913) p. 188; Stevenson (1839) p. 212.
  95. ^ Brown (2008) pp. 31–32; Brown (2004) p. 262.
  96. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 75–76; Penman (2014) pp. 108–109; Young; Stead (2010a) p. 114; Reid, NH (1984) p. 306.
  97. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 76.
  98. ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 190–191.
  99. ^ Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 377; McDonald (1997) pp. 190–191.
  100. ^ Adv MS 72.1.1 (n.d.); Black; Black (n.d.).
  101. ^ Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 377.
  102. ^ Boardman, S (2006) pp. 46, 55 n. 61; Ewan (2006); Barrow, GWS (2005) pp. 377–378; Raven (2005a) p. 63; Boardman, SI (2004); Brown, M (2004) p. 263; Duffy (1993) p. 207 n. 75; Munro; Munro (1986) p. 283 nn. 13–14; Macphail (1916) p. 235; Thomson (1912) pp. 428–429 § 9; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 495–496.
  103. ^ Boardman, S (2006) p. 46; Brown (2004) p. 263.
  104. ^ Boardman, S (2006) p. 46.
  105. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 147–148; McDonald (1997) p. 190; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) p. 87.
  106. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 55, 95–96; McDonald (2006) p. 79; Barrow, GWS (2005) p. 377; McDonald (1997) p. 190.
  107. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 55, 95–96.
  108. ^ Munro; Munro (1986) p. 284 n. 18; Adv MS 72.1.1 (n.d.); Black; Black (n.d.).
  109. ^ a b c d Petre (2014) p. 268 tab.; Brown (2004) p. 77 fig. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii.

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links
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