Lake Lanao

Coordinates: 07°52′48″N 124°15′09″E / 7.88000°N 124.25250°E / 7.88000; 124.25250
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Lake Lanao
Primary inflows
4 tributaries
Primary outflowsAgus River
Catchment area1,678 km2 (648 sq mi) [1]
Basin countriesPhilippines
Max. length33 km (21 mi)
Max. width20 km (12 mi)
Surface area334 km2 (129 sq mi)[2]
Average depth60.3 m (198 ft)[2]
Max. depth112 m (367 ft)[2]
Water volume21.28 km3 (5.11 cu mi) [1]
Shore length1115 km (71 mi)
Surface elevation700 m (2,300 ft) [1]
Settlements
List
  • Bacolod-Kalawi
  • Balindong
  • Bayang
  • Binidayan
  • Buadiposo-Buntong
  • Ditsaan-Ramain
  • Ganassi
  • Lumbatan
  • Lumbayanague
  • Madalum
  • Madamba
  • Marantao
  • Marawi
  • Masiu
  • Mulondo
  • Poona Bayabao
  • Tamparan
  • Taraka
  • Tugaya
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Lanao (

Maranao
or Meranaw. Their name was derived from the name of the lake, meaning "the people living around the lake".

Lake Lanao, as seen from Marawi City.

History

In 1965, Lake Lanao was renamed to Lake Sultan Alonto by Republic Act No. 4260,[4] which was later repealed by Republic Act No. 6434 in 1972.[5]

The lake has great

Marawi City.[1][6] While the MLRD does not affect the function of the four downstream dams, the construction of Agus I effectively turned the lake into a reservoir, sparking significant backlash among the Maranao.[1] In October 1990, the Maranao publicly demonstrated as Agus I was finishing construction, leading to the birth of the Save Lake Lanao Movement (SALAM), which intended to obstruct NAPOCOR's progress in building Agus I.[1][6] SALAM contended that the dam would act as an artificial, alternative outlet to the Agus that is deeply unnatural and would result in a 9 meter fluctuation of the lake level.[citation needed] Conflict between SALAM and NAPOCOR resulted in the creation of the Task Force on Agus 1 by Aquilino Pimentel Jr., which subsequently delayed the commission date of the plant to January 14, 1992.[1] In the two months following Agus I's operation date, President Corazon Aquino declared the Lake Lanao watershed as a reservation[7] and established the Lake Lanao Watershed Protection and Development Council (LLWPDC), a policy group with both SALAM and NAPOCOR representatives.[1][6] Despite these efforts, NAPOCOR has since not made any major concessions to the Maranao.[1]
SALAM and the Maranao continue to protect the Lanao watershed from environmental degradation.

Section 22 of Article XIII of the Bangsamoro Organic Law does not include this lake as being under the jurisdiction of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao; certain sectors of the Maranao people had sought the inclusion of this lake into the Bangsamoro Organic Law.[8]

In October 2006, a study from the Mindanao State University discovered massive algae contamination in Lake Lanao.[9] Initially, poor sewage and agricultural waste management were seen as the culprits of the contamination. However, the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources stated that soil erosion from indiscriminate logging and extensive land use and farming are the problems that caused the algae contamination.[2]

Physical characteristics

The lake was formed by the

tectonic-volcanic damming of a basin between two mountain ranges and the collapse of a large volcano. It has a maximum depth of 122 m (400 ft), and a mean depth of 60.3 m (198 ft). The basin is shallowest towards the north and gets progressively deeper towards the south.[2]

The lake is fed by four rivers, the Ramain, Taraka, Gata, and Masiu. Its only outlet is the Agus River, which flows northwest into Iligan Bay via two channels, one over the Maria Cristina Falls and the other over the Tinago Falls.

Four islands can be found in the lake:

  • Balutmaito Island
  • Balutmasla Island
  • Nusa Island
  • Salungan Island

Biodiversity

The lake is (or was) home to 17

B. Binotatus.[11][12] This would represent an explosive evolution rate of the fish, presumably migrating in from the Sundaland
and speciating throughout 10,000 to 20,000 years as the Philippines became isolated.

However, an investigation in 1992 only managed to locate three of the endemic/near-endemic fish species,

Parathelphusidae) is endemic to the lake region.[17]

The 18 endemic/near-endemic cyprinid species of Lake Lanao (B. binotatus also occurs, but it is a widespread species):[6]

Notes:
* — Biggest native species in Lake Lanao
** — Species of high commercial value

Other native species:[12]

  • Ophicephalus striatus
     (aruan)
  • Anguilla celebensis
     (kasili)

Anguilla celebensis has historically been present in the lake, apparently making its way in from the sea through subterranean waterways inaccessible to other fish.[11][12] However, it has rarely been reported in fisherman surveys since 1990, suggesting that the species is extant but extremely rare.[12]

Introduced species:[12]

  • Hypseleotris agilis
     (katolong)
  • Glossogobius giuris
     (kadurog)
  • Glossogobius celebius (kadurog)
  • Oreochromis mossambicus
     (tilapia)
  • Oreochromis niloticus
     (tliapia)
  • Trichogaster pectoralis
     (gourami)
  • Anabas testudineus (popoyo)
  • Chanos chanos
     (bangus)
  • Clarias macrocephalus
     (katipa)
  • Clarias batrachus
     (katipa)

In a 2008 fish landing survey, Hypseleotris agilis (sleeper goby) comprised 66.6% of the fish caught by weight. The gobies, including G. giuris and G. celebius, were found to prey on small fish, and as such, are considered the primary cause of the endemic species' decline.[12]

In culture

Lake Lanao is home to many important myths and legends of the

better source needed
]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "About Lake Lanao | Lake Lanao". lakelanao.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lake Lanao. Archived from the original on January 3, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2008 – via ranaw.com.
  3. ^ a b Limos, Mario Alvaro (August 31, 2021). "The Tragedy of Lake Lanao, Southeast Asia's Only Ancient Lake". Esquire Philippines. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
  4. ^ Republic Act No. 4260 – via Supreme Court E-Library.
  5. ^ Republic Act No. 6434 – via Supreme Court E-Library.
  6. ^
    ISBN 9718511539
    . Retrieved July 7, 2023.
  7. ^ Proclamation No. 871, s. 1992. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2021 – via Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
  8. ^ Yahya, Masiding Noor (July 14, 2019). "Maranaos Seek Amendment of Bangsamoro Law". Manila Times.
  9. ^ "Contaminated Lake Lanao in Danger". MindaNews. October 14, 2006. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  10. ^
    S2CID 13788351
    .
  11. ^
    doi:10.1086/280475
    .
  12. ^
    hdl:1957/21823
    . Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  13. ^ a b Nilsson, Greta (2005). "It's Too Late – Fish Extinctions". Endangered Species Handbook (PDF). Washington DC: Animal Welfare Institute.
  14. ^ "European Bison Recovering, 31 Species Declared Extinct – IUCN Red List". IUCN. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  15. ISBN 0-412-09651-X
    .
  16. ISBN 0-306-46092-0
    .
  17. ^ Mendoza, Jose Christopher E; Naruse, Tohru (2010). "A New Species of Riverine Crab of the Genus Sundathelphusa Bott, 1969 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from Northeastern Luzon, Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Journal of Science. 139 (1): 61–70.
  18. ^ "How the Angels Built Lake Lanao". seasite.niu.edu. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
  19. ^ "Legend of Lake Lanao (Maranaw Legend)". September 14, 2014 – via SlideShare.

External links

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