Laguna de Bay
Laguna de Bay Lawa ng Bay ( tributaries | |
---|---|
Primary outflows | Pasig River (via Napindan Channel) |
Basin countries | Philippines |
Max. length | 47.3 km (29.4 mi) (E-W) |
Max. width | 40.5 km (25.2 mi) (N-S) |
Surface area | 911–949 km² (352–366 sq mi) |
Average depth | 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) |
Max. depth | 20 m (66 ft) (Diablo pass) |
Shore length1 | 285 km (177 mi) |
Surface elevation | less 2 m (6 ft 7 in) |
Islands | Talim Island |
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. |
Laguna de Bay (
The lake is one of the primary sources of freshwater fish in the country. Its water drains to Manila Bay via the Pasig River. Environmental issues such as water quality problems created by population pressure and industrialization, invasive species and overfishing are of concern for the lake, hurting its economic importance to the country. As population expands in the Bay, its expected to rely more heavily on the lake for freshwater supply, thus water quality directly affects human populations.[2]
Etymology
Laguna de Bay means "Lagoon of [the town of] Bay" for the lakeshore town of
The Spanish word laguna refers to not just lagoons but also for freshwater lakes, aside from lago.[5] This would make the lake's alternate name, "Laguna Lake", tautological. However, the "Laguna" in "Laguna Lake" refers to the province of Laguna, the province at the southern shore of the lake, and not the lake itself. The province, though, was in turn named after the lake and was originally called La Laguna until the early 20th century.[6]
In the pre-Hispanic era, the lake was known as "Puliran Kasumuran" (Laguna Copperplate Inscription, c. 900 AD), and later by "Pulilan" (Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, 1613. Pila, Laguna).
Currently, the lake is often incorrectly called "Laguna Bay," including in government websites, or "Laguna Lake", which is used by the Laguna Lake Development Authority.[7]
Geography
Laguna de Bay is a large shallow freshwater body in the heart of
The middle part of Laguna de Bay between
Islands
Known lake islands include Talim, the largest and most populated island on the lake;[13] Calamba Island, which is completely occupied by the Wonder Island resort in Calamba, Laguna;[13] Cielito Lindo, a privately owned island off the coast of mainland Cardona, Rizal;[13][14] Malahi Island which used to be the site of Maligi Island military reservation, near the southern tip of Talim;[13][15] the nearby islands of Bonga and Pihan, also in Cardona; and Bay Island off the coast of Bay, Laguna, which is closely associated with the precolonial crocodile-deity myths of that town.[4]
Tributaries
The lake is fed by 45,000 km2 (17,000 sq mi) of
The lake is primarily drained through the
Uses
The lake is a multipurpose resource,[17] used for fishery, transportation, irrigation of agricultural lands, power generation, and as a reservoir for regional flood management, among other things.
The lake has been used as a navigation lane for passenger boats since the
On December 15, 2023, Marcos, Jr., assisted by Maynilad president and CEO Ramoncito Fernandez,
Environmental issues
Because of its importance in the development of the Laguna de Bay Region, unlike other lakes in the country, its water quality and general condition are closely monitored.
Invasive species
At least 18 fish species are known from Laguna de Bay; none are strictly
Pollution
Government data showed that about 60% of the estimated 8.4 million people residing in the Laguna de Bay Region discharge their solid and liquid wastes indirectly to the lake through its tributaries. A large percentage of these wastes are mainly agricultural while the rest are either domestic or industrial[26] According to DENR (1997), domestic and industrial wastes contribute almost equally at 30% each. Meanwhile, agricultural wastes take up the remaining 40%. In a recent sensitivity waste load model ran by the Laguna Lake Development Authority's (LLDA) Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) division, it revealed that 70% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) loadings came from households, 19% from industries, and 11% came from land run-off or erosion (LLDA, 2005).
As far as industries and factories are concerned, there are about 1,481 and increase is expected.[10] Of the said figure, about 695 have wastewater treatment facilities. Despite this, the lake is absorbing huge amounts of pollution from these industries in the forms of discharges of industrial cooling water, toxic spills from barges and transport operations, and hazardous chemicals like lead, mercury, aluminum and cyanide.[27] Based from the said figure, 65% are classified as "pollutive" industries.
The hastened agricultural modernization throughout the region took its toll on the lake. This paved the way for massive and intensified use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides whose residues eventually find their way to the lake basin. These chemicals induce rapid algal growth in the area that depleted oxygen levels in the water. Hence,
As far as domestic wastes are concerned, around 10% of the 4,100 metric tons (4,000 long tons; 4,500 short tons) of waste generated by residents of Metro Manila are dumped into the lake, causing siltation of the lake. As reported by the now defunct Metropolitan Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), only 15% of the residents in the area have an effective waste disposal system. Moreover, around 85% of the families living along the shoreline do not have toilets and/or septic tanks.[21][28]
In 2018 a survey on Microplastics were conducted by researchers from the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, and have found out that the Laguna de Bay is heavily polluted with microplastics. The study involved three (3) barangays and these are Napindan, San Isidro, and Sampiruhan. Among the barangays, Sampiruhan in Calamba, Laguna has the most microplastics, with a median of 15 ranging from 11 to 24 microplastics per 1000 liters of lake water.[30] The data from the conducted survey is available in Mendeley Data.[31]
Overfishing
On January 29, 2008, the Mamamayan Para sa Pagpapanatili ng Pagpapaunlad ng Lawa ng Laguna (Mapagpala) accused the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) of the deterioration of Laguna de Bay due to multiplication of fish pens beyond the allowable limit.[32]
Infrastructure
Manggahan floodway
The Manggahan Floodway is an artificially constructed waterway in Metro Manila, Philippines. The floodway was built in 1986,[33] with the cost of 1.1 billion pesos, in order to reduce flooding along the Pasig River during the rainy season, by diverting the peak water flows of the Marikina River to Laguna de Bay, which serves as a temporary reservoir.[34][35] In case the water level on the lake is higher than the Marikina River, the floodway can also reverse the flow.
By design, the Manggahan Floodway is capable of handling 2,400 cubic meters per second of water flow, although the actual flow is about 2,000 cubic meters per second. To complement the floodway, the Napindan Hydraulic Control System (NHCS) was built in 1983 at the confluence of the Marikina River and the Napindan Channel of the Pasig River to regulate the tidal flow of saline water between Manila Bay and the lake, and to prevent the intrusion of polluted water into the lake.[34]
It has a fully gated
Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike
The Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike[41][42] is a proposed expressway in the Philippines that will start from the coastal area of Laguna de Bay from Taguig in Metro Manila to Calamba and Los Baños in Laguna.
The project will involve the construction of a 47-kilometre-long (29 mi), six-lane dike including bridges, pumping stations and ancillary flood gates.[43]
The project also involve reclamation of 700 hectares west of and abutting the expressway-dike, separated from the shoreline by a 100–150 meter channel in Taguig and Muntinlupa.[44]
The project aims to provide a high-standard highway that will speed up traffic between the southern part of Metro Manila and Laguna, as well as a dike that would mitigate flooding in the western coastal communities along Laguna Lake.
The expressway will cost an estimatedEastbay Submarine Pipeline and Pakil Water Treatment Plant Projects
The Manila Water began laying down in 2021 two high density polyethylene (HDPE) underground and 21 km submarine pipes from Binangonan, Cardona, Morong, and Pililla to expand their services under the East Bay Phase 1 Project. These two pipes once completed will deliver 50 million liters per day (MLD) to the said area. The environmental impact of the project was worked on by the University of the Philippines Los Baños.[46][47]
East Bay Phase 2 Project will involve construction of a water treatment plant (WTP) at Bgy. Kabulusan,
Governance
The main agency tasked to oversee the programs that aimed to develop and protect Laguna de Bay is the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), signed into law under Republic Act (RA) 4850 in 1966 during the Marcos administration.[50] Originally only created as a quasi-government agency with regulatory and proprietary functions, its charter was strengthened by Presidential Decree (PD) 817 in 1975 and by Executive Order (EO) 927 in 1983 to include environmental protection and jurisdiction over the surface waters of the lake basin. In 1993, by virtue of the devolution, the administrative supervision of the LLDA was transferred to the DENR by EO 149.[51]
Clean Water Act
The technical aspect regarding the quality of wastewater is given in DENR Administrative Order 1990–35. The order defines the critical water parameters' value versus the classification of the body of water (e.g., lake or river). Discharge permits are issued by the LLDA only if the wastewater being discharged complied with the said order.[52]
According to the Clean Water Act of 2004, the DENR (through the LLDA) shall implement a wastewater charge system in all management areas including the Laguna Lake region and Regional Industrial Centers through the collection of wastewater charges/fees. The system shall be established on the basis of payment to the government for discharging wastewater into the water bodies. Wastewater charges shall be established taking into consideration the following: a) to provide strong economic inducement for polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution control technology in order to reduce the amount of water pollutants generated; b) to cover the cost of administering water quality management or improvement programs, including the cost of administering the discharge permitting and water pollution charge system; c) reflect damages caused by water pollution on the surrounding environment, including the cost of rehabilitation; d) type of pollutant; e) classification of the receiving water body; and f) other special attributes of the water body.[53]
Integrated Coastal Ecosystem Conservation and Adaptive Management
CECAM is a 5-year research cooperation between Japanese and Filipino scientists. Seven monitoring instruments are being used as part of the Continuous and Comprehensive Monitoring System (CCMS) provided by the Japanese government.[54]
Cultural impact
Laguna de Bay has had a significant impact on the cultures of the communities that grew up around its shores, ranging from folk medicine to architecture. For example, the traditional cure for a child constantly experiencing nose bleed in Victoria, Laguna is to have the child submerge his or her head in the lake water at daybreak.
See also
- Laguna Lake Development Authority
- Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike
- Rehabilitation of the Pasig River
References
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- ^ a b Guerrero, R. & Calpe, A. T. (1998). "Water resources management : A global priority". National Academy of Science and Technology, Manila, Philippines
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- ^ a b Solidarity for People's Power (1992) Laguna de bay: Racing against time. Pamphlet article. Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
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- ^ Deocaris, C.C., Fernandez, M.C., Lee, A.R., Miao, S.L.A., and Padolina, J.B.P.(2023). Identification and Characterization of Microplastics on the Surface Water in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology. Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages: 1073-1080. Retrieved from: https://neptjournal.com/upload-images/(55)D-1429.pdf
- ^ Deocaris, Chester; Fernandez, Martin ; Lee, Angelika; Miao, Sermel Louie; Padolina, Jan Bernel (2022), "Survey of Microplastics in Laguna de Bay 2018", Mendeley Data, V1, doi: 10.17632/bxd3k2yntp.1
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- ^ "Private-Public Partnership Service – Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike". Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
- ^ "PPP Center – Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike". Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office, Office of the President of the Philippines (June 20, 2014). "NEDA board approves biggest PPP project: Laguna Lakeshore Expressway-Dike". Official Gazette (Philippines). Manila: Government of the Republic of the Philippines.
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- ^ "Manila Water to start construction of P7.84-B water treatment plant in East Bay of Laguna Lake". Manila Water Company, Inc. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
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- ^ Department of Environment and Natural Resources (1990). Administrative Order No. 35, March 20, 1990 'Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990, Revising and Amending the Effluent Regulations of 1982'. Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine DENR Website. Retrieved on 2012-10-20.
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- ^ Remi E. de Leon (2005). Health Knowledge Processes and Flows in a Coastal Community in Victoria, Laguna Philippines (Master thesis). University of the Philippines Los Baños Graduate School.
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Sources
- Laguna Lake Development Authority, LLDA (2009). "2009 Annual Report".
- Laguna Lake Development Authority, LLDA (1995). "Laguna de Bay Master Plan – Final Report".
Further reading
- Canonoy, F. V. (1997). Lake Laguna's environmental user fee system.
- Laguna Lake Development Authority. "Frequently Asked Questions (archived 2007-06-08)".
- McKitrick, R. (1999). A derivation of the marginal abatement cost curve. Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- National Statistical Coordination Board (1996). Estimation of fish biomass in Laguna de Bay based on primary productivity.
External links
- Media related to Laguna de Bay at Wikimedia Commons
- Geographic data related to Laguna de Bay at OpenStreetMap
- Laguna Lake Development Authority
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources