Langbeinites
Langbeinites are a family of crystalline substances based on the structure of
At higher temperatures the crystal structure is cubic P213.[1] However, the crystal structure may change to lower symmetries at lower temperatures, for example, P21, P1, or P212121.[1] Usually this temperature is well below room temperature, but in a few cases the substance must be heated to acquire the cubic structure.
Crystal structure
The crystal structures of langbeinites consist of a network of oxygen vertex-connected tetrahedral
Examples
Sulfates include dithallium dicadmium sulfate,[3] dirubidium dicadmium sulfate,[4] dipotassium dicadmium sulfate,[5] dithallium manganese sulfate,[6] and dirubidium dicalcium trisulfate.[7]
Selenates include diammonium dimanganese selenate.[1] A diammonium dicadmium selenate langbeinite could not be crystallised from water, but a trihydrate exists.[8]
Chromate based langbeinites include dicaesium dimanganese chromate.[1]
Molybdates include Rb2Co2(MoO4)3.[1] Potassium members are absent, as are zinc and copper containing solids, which all crystallize in different forms. Manganese, magnesium, cadmium and some nickel double molybdates exist as langbeinites.[9]
Double tungstates of the form A2B2(WO4)3 are predicted to exist in the langbeinite form.[10]
An examples with tetrafluroberyllate is dipotassium dimanganese tetrafluoroberyllate (K2Mn2(BeF4)3).[11] Other tetrafluoroberyllates may include: Rb2Mg2(BeF4)3; Tl2Mg2(BeF4)3; Rb2Mn2(BeF4)3; Tl2Mn2(BeF4)3; Rb2Ni2(BeF4)3; Tl2Ni2(BeF4)3; Rb2Zn2(BeF4)3; Tl2Zn2(BeF4)3; Cs2Ca2(BeF4)3; Rb2Ca2(BeF4)3; RbCsMnCd(BeF4)3; Cs2MnCd(BeF4)3; RbCsCd2(BeF4)3; Cs2Cd2(BeF4)3; Tl2Cd2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Cd2(BeF4)3; KRbMnCd(BeF4)3; K2MnCd(BeF4)3; Rb2MnCd(BeF4)3; Rb2Cd2(BeF4)3; RbCsCo2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Co2(BeF4)3; K2Co2(BeF4)3; Rb2Co2(BeF4)3; Tl2Co2(BeF4)3; RbCsMn2(BeF4)3; Cs2Mn2(BeF4)3; RbCsZn2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Mg2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Mn2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Ni2(BeF4)3; (NH4)2Zn2(BeF4)3;KRbMg2(BeF4)3; K2Mg2(BeF4)3; KRbMn2(BeF4)3; K2Ni2(BeF4)3; K2Zn2(BeF4)3.[12]
The phosphate containing langbeinites were found in 1972 with the discovery of KTi2(PO4)3, and since then a few more phosphates that also contain titanium have been found such as Na2FeTi(PO4)3 and Na2CrTi(PO4)3. By substituting metals in A2MTi(PO4)3, A from (K, Rb, Cs), and M from (Cr, Fe, V), other langbeinites are made. The NASICON-type structure competes for these kinds of phosphates, so not all possibilities are langbeinites.[1] Other phosphate based substances include K2YTi(PO4)3, K2ErTi(PO4)3, K2YbTi(PO4)3, K2CrTi(PO4)3,[1] K2AlSn(PO4)3,[13] KRbYbTi(PO4)3.[14] Sodium barium diiron tris-(phosphate) (NaBaFe2(PO4)3) is yet another variation with the same structure but differently charged ions.[15] Most phosphates of this kind of formula do not form langbeinites, instead crystallise in the NASICON structure with archetype Na3Zr2(PO4)(SiO4)2.[1]
A langbeinite with arsenate is known to exist by way of K2ScSn(AsO4)3.[16]
Properties
Physical properties
Langbeinite-family crystals can show
Dithallium dicadmium sulfate was shown to be ferroelectric in 1972.[22]
Dipotassium dicadmium sulfate is
At higher temperatures the crystals take on cubic form, whereas at the lowest temperatures they can transform to an orthorhombic crystal group. For some types there are two more phases, and as the crystal is cooled it goes from cubic, to monoclinic, to triclinic to orthorhombic. This change to higher symmetry on cooling is very unusual in solids.[26] For some langbeinites only the cubic form is known, but that may be because it has not been studied at low enough temperatures yet. Those that have three phase transitions go through these crystallographic point groups: P213 – P21 – P1 – P212121, whereas the single phase change crystals only have P213 – P212121.
K2Cd2(SO4)3 has a transition temperature above room temperature, so that it is ferroelectric in standard conditions. The orthorhombic cell size is a=10.2082 Å, b=10.2837 Å, c=10.1661 Å.[27]
Where the crystals change phase there is a discontinuity in the heat capacity. The transitions may show thermal hysteresis.[28]
Different cations can be substituted so that for example K2Cd2(SO4)3 and Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 can form solid solutions for all ratios of thallium and potassium. Properties such as the phase transition temperature and unit cell sizes vary smoothly with the composition.[29]
Langbeinites containing transition metals can be coloured. For example, cobalt langbeinite shows a broad absorption around 555 nm due to the cobalt 4T1g(F)→4T1g(P) electronic transition.[30]
The enthalpy of formation (ΔfHm) for solid (NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 at 298.2 K is −3031.74±0.08 kJ/mol, and for K2Cd2(SO4)3 it is −3305.52±0.17 kJ/mol.[31]
Sulfates
Formula | Weight (g/mol) | Comment / Symmetries | Transition temperature (K) | Density | Cell size (Å) | Refractive index | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3[32] | ||||||
Na2Mg2(SO4)3 | 382.78 | 3 phases, 1–2, >3 | 250 | 350 | 575[33] | |||
K2Mg2(SO4)3 | 414.99 | 4 phases langbeinite | 51 | 54.9 | 63.8 | 2.832[34] | 9.9211[35] | 1.536[36] |
Rb2Mg2(SO4)3 | 507.73 | made | 3.367[37] | 10.0051[38] | 1.556[38] | |||
Cs2Mg2(SO4)3 | 602.61 | no compound[10] | ||||||
(NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3 | 372.87 | Efremovite[39] | 241[40] | 220[40] | 2.49[41] | 9.979[41] | ||
Tl2Mg2(SO4)3 | 745.56 | ≥3 phase | 227.8[40] | 330.8[40] | ||||
K2CaMg(SO4)3 | 430.77 | made | 2.723[42] | 10.1662[42] | 1.525[42] | |||
K2Ca2(SO4)3 | 446.54 | 4 phases calciolangbeinite[43][44][45] | 457 | 2.69 2.683[46] | 10.429Å a=10.334 b=10.501 c=10.186 | Nα=1.522 Nβ=1.526 Nγ=1.527 | ||
Rb2Ca2(SO4)3 | 539.28 | 2 phases | 183 | 3.034[47] | 10.5687[47] | 1.520[47] | ||
Cs2Ca2(SO4)3 | 634.15 | 3.417[48][49] | 10.7213 | 1.549 | ||||
Tl2Ca2(SO4)3 | no compound[10] | |||||||
(NH4)2Ca2(SO4)3 | 404.42 | made | 158 | 2.297[50] | 10.5360[51] | 1.532[51] | ||
(NH4)2V2(SO4)3 | colour clear green[52] | 2.76[53] | 10.089[52] | |||||
K2Mn2(SO4)3 | 476.26 | manganolangbeinite[54] 2 phases pale pink[55] |
191 | 3.02[35] | 10.014[35] (orthorhombic) a=10.081, b=10.108, c=10.048 Å[56] |
1.576[55] | ||
Rb2Mn2(SO4)3 | 569 | made[57] | 3.546[58] | 10.2147[58] | 1.590[58] | |||
Cs2Mn2(SO4)3 | 663.87 | predicted[10] | ||||||
(NH4)2Mn2(SO4)2 | 434.14 | made | 2.72[41] | 10.1908[59] | ||||
Tl2Mn2(SO4)3 | 806.83 | made | 5.015[60] | 10.2236[60] | 1.722[60] | |||
K2Fe2(SO4)3 | 478.07 | made | ?130 | |||||
Rb2Fe2(SO4)3 | predicted[10] | |||||||
Tl2Fe2(SO4)3 | 808.64 | exists[10] | ||||||
(NH4)2Fe2(SO4)3[52] | 435.95 | mineral ferroefremovite | 2.84[41] | 10.068[41] | 1.574[61] | |||
K2Co2(SO4)3 | 484.25 | 2 phases deep purple |
126 | 3.280[34] | 9.9313[35] | 1.608[62] | ||
Rb2Co2(SO4)3 | 576.99 | made | 3.807[63] | 10.0204[63] | 1.602[63] | |||
Cs2Co2(SO4)3 | 671.87 | |||||||
(NH4)2Co2(SO4)3 | 442.13 | made | 2.94[41] | 9.997[41] | ||||
Tl2Co2(SO4)3 | 813.82 | made | 5.361[64] | 10.0312 | 1.775 | |||
K2Ni2(SO4)3 | 483.77 | made[65] light greenish yellow[66] | 3.369[34] | 9.8436[66] | 1.620[66] | |||
Rb2Ni2(SO4)3 | 576.51 | made | 3.921[67] | 9.9217[67] | 1.636[67] | |||
Cs2Ni2(SO4)3 | 671.39 | predicted[10] | ||||||
(NH4)2Ni2(SO4)3 | 441.65 | made[65] | 160 | 3.02[41] | 9.904[41] | |||
Tl2Ni2(SO4)3 | 814.34 | predicted[10] | ||||||
Rb2Cu2(S04)3 | predicted[10] | |||||||
Cs2Cu2(S04)3 | predict not[10] | |||||||
Tl2Cu2(S04)3 | predicted[10] | |||||||
K2Zn2(SO4)3 | 497.1 | 4 phases | 75 | 138 | 3.376[34] | 9.9247[68] | 1.592[68] | |
Rb2Zn2(S04)3 | predicted[10] | |||||||
Cs2Zn2(S04)3 | predict not[10] | |||||||
Tl2Zn2(S04)3 | predicted[10] | |||||||
K2Cd2(SO4)3 | 591.21 | 2 phases | 432 | 2.615 3.677[69] | a=10.212 b=10.280 c=10.171 | Nα=1.588 Nγ=1.592 | ||
Rb2Cd2(SO4)3 | 683.95 | 4 phases | 66 | 103 | 129 | 4.060[35][70] | 10.3810[35][70] | 1.590[70] |
(NH4)2Cd2(SO4)3 | 549.09 | 4 phases | 95 | 3.288[35] | 10.3511[35] | |||
Tl2Cd2(SO4)3 | 921.78 | 4 phases | 92 | 120 | 132 | 5.467[35] | 10.3841[35] | 1.730[71] |
Fluoroberyllates
Formula | Weight (g/mol) | Cell size (Å) | Volume | Density | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K2Mn2(BeF4)3[11] | 4 phases transition at 213 | ||||
K2Mg2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.875 | 962.8 | 1.59 | ||
(NH4)2Mg2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.968 | 1.37 | |||
KRbMg2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.933 | 1.72 | |||
Rb2Mg2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.971 | 1.91 | |||
Tl2Mg2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.997 | 2.85 | |||
K2Ni2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.888 | 1.86 | |||
Rb2Ni2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.974 | 2.19 | |||
Tl2Ni2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.993 | 3.13 | |||
K2Co2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.963 | 988 | 1.82 | ||
(NH4)2Co2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.052 | 1.61 | |||
Rb2Co2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.061 | 2.14 | |||
Tl2Co2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.078 | 3.05 | |||
RbCsCo2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.115 | 2.28 | |||
K2Zn2(BeF4)3[72] | 9.932 | 1.89 | |||
(NH4)Zn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.036 | 1.67 | |||
Rb2Zn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.035 | 2.20 | |||
Tl2Zn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.060 | 3.14 | |||
RbCsZn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.102 | 2.36 | |||
K2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.102 | 1.72 | |||
KRbMn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.187 | 1.82 | |||
(NH4)2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.217 | 1.50 | |||
Rb2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.243 | 2.00 | |||
Tl2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.255 | 2.87 | |||
RbCsMn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.327 | 2.12 | |||
Cs2Mn2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.376 | 2.26 | |||
K2MnCd(BeF4)3[72] | 10.133 | 1.92 | |||
KRbMnCd(BeF4)3[72] | 10.220 | 2.04 | |||
Rb2MnCd(BeF4)3[72] | 10.133 | 1.92 | |||
RbCsMnCd(BeF4)3[72] | 10.380 | 2.28 | |||
Cs2MnCd(BeF4)3[72] | 10.451 | 2.41 | |||
(NH4)2Cd2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.342 | 1.87 | |||
Rb2Cd2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.385 | 2.32 | |||
Tl2Cd2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.402 | 3.16 | |||
RbCsCd2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.474 | 2.43 | |||
Cs2Cd2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.558 | 2.53 | |||
RbCsCdCa(BeF4)3[72] | 10.501 | 2.15 | |||
Rb2Ca2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.480 | 1.74 | |||
RbCsCa2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.583 | 1.86 | |||
Cs2Ca2(BeF4)3[72] | 10.672 | 1.98 | |||
Cs2Mg2(BeF4)3 | does not exist[72] |
Phosphates
Formula | Weight (g/mol) | Cell size (Å) | Density | Comment | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LiCs2Y2(PO4)3[73] | 735.48 | 10.5945 | 4.108 | ||
LiRb2Y2(PO4)3[74] | non-linear optical | ||||
K2YTi(PO4)3[1] | 578.25 | 10.1053 | 3.192 | ||
K2ErTi(PO4)3[1] | 584.03 | 10.094 | 3.722 | ||
K2YbTi(PO4)3[1] | 499.89 | 10.1318 | 3.772 | ||
K2CrTi(PO4)3[1] | 462.98 | 9.8001 | 3.267 | ||
(NH4)(H3O)TiIIITiIV(PO4)3[75] | 417.71 | 9.9384 | |||
K2Ti2(PO4)3[76] | 458.84 | 9.8688 | Also K2−x; dark blue | ||
Rb2Ti2(PO4)3[76] | 551.58 | 9.9115 | |||
Tl2Ti2(PO4)3[76] | 789.41 | 9.9386 | |||
Na2FeTi(PO4)3[77] | 9.837 | ||||
Na2CrTi(PO4)3[77] | 9.775 | ||||
K2Mn0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3[78] | 9.903 | 3.162 | dark brown | ||
K2Co0.5Ti1.5(PO4)3[78] | 9.844 | 3.233 | dark brown | ||
Rb4NiTi3(PO4)6[79] | 1113.99÷2 | 9.9386 | |||
K2AlTi(PO4)3[80] | 437.96 | 9.7641 | 3.125 | colourless | |
K2TiYb(PO4)3[81] | |||||
Li2Zr2(PO4)3[82] | 481.24 | ||||
K2(Ce, ..., Lu)Zr(PO4)3[83] | 594.45...629.3 | 10.29668 | |||
Rb2FeZr(PO4)3[84] | 602.92 | 10.1199 | |||
K2FeZr(PO4)3[85] | 510.18 | 10.0554 | dark grey Note Na2FeZr(PO4)3 is not a langbeinite.[86] | ||
K2YZr(PO4)3[87] | 543.24 | 10.3346 | random Y and Zr | ||
K2GdZr(PO4)3[87] | 611.58 | 10.3457 | random Gd and Zr | ||
K2YHf(PO4)3[88] | 630.51 | 10.3075 | 3.824 | ||
Li(H2O)2Hf2(PO4)3[89] | 684.87 | 10.1993 | |||
K2BiHf(PO4)3[90] | 750.58 | ||||
Li(H2O)2Zr2(PO4)3[82] | 510.33 | 10.2417 | |||
K2AlSn(PO4)3 | 508.78 | 9.798[13] | |||
K2CrSn(PO4)3 | 9.8741[citation needed] | ||||
K2InSn(PO4)3 | 10.0460[citation needed] | ||||
K2FeSn(PO4)3 | 9.921[citation needed] | ||||
K2YbSn(PO4)3 | 10.150[citation needed] | ||||
K4Al3Ta(PO4)6[91] | 988.11 | 9.7262 | |||
K4Cr3Ta(PO4)6[91] | 1063.16 | 9.8315 | |||
K4Fe3Ta(PO4)6[91] | 1074.70 | 9.9092 | |||
K4Tb3Ta(PO4)6 | 10.3262[92] | ||||
K4Ga3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
K4Gd3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
K4Dy3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
K4Ho3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
K4Er3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
K4Yb3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
Rb4Ga3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
Rb4Gd3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
Rb4Dy3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
Rb4Ho3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
Rb4Er3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
Rb4Yb3Ta(PO4)6 | [93] | ||||
K4Fe3Nb(PO4)6[91] | 986.66 | 9.9092 | |||
KBaEr2(PO4)3[94] | 795.857 | ||||
RbBaEr2(PO4)3[94] | 842.227 | ||||
CsBaEr2(PO4)3[94] | 889.665 | ||||
(Rb,Cs)2(Pr,Er)Zr(PO4)3[94] | |||||
KCsFeZrP3O12 | 603.99 | 10.103[95] | |||
CaFe3O(PO4)3[96] | 508.53 | ||||
SrFe3O(PO4)3[96] | 556.1 | ||||
PbFe3O(PO4)3[96] | 675.6 | ||||
KSrFe2(PO4)3[97] | 523.32 | 9.809 | 3.68 | yellowish | |
Pb1.5VIV2(PO4)3 | 697.6 | 9.7818 | 4.912[98] | ||
K2TiV(PO4)3[99] | 9.855 | green | |||
BaTiV(PO4)3[99] | 9.922 | 3.54 | at high temperature > 950 °C dark grey | ||
KBaV2(PO4)3[99] | 9.873 | greenish yellow | |||
Ba1.5V2(PO4)3[99] | 9.884 | grey | |||
Ba1.5Fe3+2(PO4)3[100][101] | 602.59 | ||||
KSrSc2(PO4)3[102] | 501.54 | ||||
Rb0.743K0.845Co0.293Ti1.707(PO4)3[103] | 9.8527 | ||||
K2BiZr(PO4)6[104] | 663.32 | 10.3036 | |||
KBaSc2(PO4)3[105] | 503.25 | ||||
KBaIn2(PO4)3[106] | |||||
KBaRZrP2SiO12[2] | R = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Y | ||||
KBaYSnP2SiO12[2] | 666.07 | ||||
KBaFe2(PO4)3[107] | 525.03 | 9.8732 (at 4 K) | |||
KBaCr2(PO4)3[108] | 517.33 | 9.7890 | |||
Rb2FeTi(PO4)3[109] | 511.56 | 9.8892 | Na2FeTi(PO4)3 has NZP structure[86] | ||
KBaMgTi(PO4)3[110] | 485.51 | 9.914 | KSrMgTi crystallises in kosnarite form | ||
KPbMgTi(PO4)3[110] | 555.39 | 9.8540 | KSrMgTi in kosnarite form | ||
RbBaMgTi(PO4)3 | 9.954 | 531.88 | CsBa does not form | [110] | |
RbPbMgTi(PO4)3 | 601.76 | 9.9090 | CsPb does not form | [110] | |
KSrMgZr(PO4)3 | 479.16 | 10.165 | [110] | ||
KPbMgZr(PO4)3 | 598.74 | 10.111 | [110] | ||
KBaMgZr(PO4)3 | 528.87 | 10.106 | [110] | ||
RbSrMgZr(PO4)3 | 525.53 | 10.218 | [110] | ||
RbPbMgZr(PO4)3 | 645.11 | 10.178 | [110] | ||
RbBaMgZr(PO4)3 | 575.24 | 10.178 | [110] | ||
CsSrMgZr(PO4)3 | 572.97 | 10.561 | over 1250 °C forms kosnarite phase | [110] | |
Ba3In4(PO4)6 | 10.1129 | [111] | |||
Ba3V4(PO4)6 | 1185.58 | 9.8825 | 4.08 | yellow-green | [112] |
KPbCr2(PO4)3 | 9.7332 | [113] | |||
KPbFe2(PO4)3 | 9.8325 | beige | [113] | ||
K4NiHf3(PO4)6 | 660.192 (half) | 10.12201 | 4.228 | yellow | [114] |
NaBaBi2(PO3)3 | [115] |
Phosphate silicates
substance | formula weight | unit cell edge Å | density | comment | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K2Sn2(PO4)2SiO4[116] | Stable to 650 °C | ||||
K2Zr2(PO4)2SiO4[116] | Stable to 1000 °C | ||||
Cs2Zr2(PO4)2SiO4[117] | |||||
CsKZr2(PO4)2SiO4[117] | |||||
KBaZrY(PO4)2SiO4 | [118] | ||||
KBaZrLa(PO4)2SiO4 | [118] | ||||
KBaZrNd(PO4)2SiO4 | [118] | ||||
KBaZrSm(PO4)2SiO4 | [118] | ||||
KBaZrEu(PO4)2SiO4 | [118] |
Mixed anion phosphates
substance | formula weight | unit cell edge Å | density | comment | ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K2MgTi(SO4)(PO4)2 | [119] | ||||
K2Fe2(MoO4)(PO4)2 | [120] | ||||
K2Sc2(MoO4)(PO4)2 | [120] | ||||
K2Sc2(WO4)(PO4)2 | [120] |
Vanadates
The orthovanadates have four formula per cell, with a slightly distorted cell that has
formula weight | comment | Cell dimensions Å | Volume | density | refractive | |||
Formula | g/mol | symmetries | a | b | c | index | ||
LiBaCr2(VO4)3[121] | 593.08 | Orthorhombic | 9.98 | 10.52 | 9.51 | 998 | 4.02 | |
NaBaCr2(VO4)3[121] | 609.13 | Orthorhombic | 9.99 | 10.52 | 9.53 | 1002 | 4.09 | |
AgBaCr2(VO4)3[121] | 694.00 | Orthorhombic | 10.02 | 10.53 | 9.53 | 1005 | 4.62 |
Arsenates
substance | formula weight | unit cell edge Å | density |
---|---|---|---|
K2ScSn(AsO4)3[122] | 658.62 | 10.3927 | |
Zr2NH4(AsO4)3·H2O[123] | 632.558 | 10.532 | 3.379 |
Selenates
Langbeinite structured double selenates are difficult to make, perhaps because selenate ions arranged around the dication leave space for water, so hydrates crystallise from double selenate solutions. For example, when ammonia selenate and cadmium selenate solution is crystallized it forms diammonium dicadmium selenate trihydrate: (NH4)2Cd2(SeO4)3·3H2O and when heated it loses both water and ammonia to form a pyroselenate rather than a langbeinite.[124]
substance | formula weight | unit cell edge Å | density | note |
---|---|---|---|---|
(NH4)2Mn2(SeO4)3[125] | 574.83 | 10.53 | 3.26 | forms continuous series with SO4 too |
Molybdates
substance | formula weight | unit cell edge Å | density |
---|---|---|---|
Cs2Cd2(MoO4)3[126] | 970.5 | 11.239 | |
Rb2Co2(MoO4)3 | 768.7 | ||
Cs2Co2(MoO4)3[127] | |||
Cs2Ni2(MoO4)3[128] | 863.01 | 10.7538 | |
(H3O)2Mn2(MoO4)3[129] | 627.75 | 10.8713 | |
K2Mn2(MoO4)3[130] |
Tungstates
substance | formula weight | unit cell edge Å | density |
---|---|---|---|
Rb2Mg2(WO4)3[131] | 963.06 | 10.766 | |
Cs2Mg2(WO4)3[131] | 1057.93 | 10.878 |
Preparation
Diammonium dicadmium sulfate can be made by evaporating a solution of
Potassium and ammonium nickel langbeinite can be made from nickel sulfate and the other sulfates by evaporating a water solution at 85 °C.[65]
Dipotassium dizinc sulfate can be formed into large crystals by melting zinc sulfate and potassium sulfate together at 753 K. A crystal can be slowly drawn out of the melt from a rotating crucible at about 1.2 mm every hour.[133]
Li(H2O)2Hf2(PO4)3 can be made by heating HfCl4, Li2B4O7, H3PO4, water and hydrochloric acid to 180 °C for eight days under pressure.[89] Li(H2O)2Hf2(PO4)3 converts to Li2Hf2(PO4)3 on heating to 200 °C.[82]
The sol-gel method produces a gel from a solution mixture, which is then heated. Rb2FeZr(PO4)3 can be made by mixing solutions of FeCl3, RbCl, ZrOCl2, and dripping in H3PO4. The gel produced was dried out at 95 °C and then baked at various temperatures from 400 to 1100 °C.[84]
Langbeinites crystals can be made by the Bridgman technique,
A Tutton's salt may be heat treated and dehydrate, e.g. (NH4)2Mn2(SeO4)3 can be made from (NH4)2Mn(SeO4)3·6(H2O) heated to 100 °C, forming (NH4)2(SeO4) as a side product.[134] Similarly the ammonium vanadium Tutton's salt, (NH4)2V(SO4)2, heated to 160 °C in a closed tube produces (NH4)2V2(SO4)3. At lower temperatures a hydroxy compound is formed.[52]
Use
Few uses have been made of these substances. Langbeinite itself can be used as an "organic" fertiliser with potassium, magnesium and sulfur, all needed for plant growth. Electrooptic devices could be made from some of these crystals, particularly those that have cubic transition temperatures as temperatures above room temperature. Research continues into this. Ferroelectric crystals could store information in the location of domain walls.
The phosphate langbeinites are insoluble, stable against heat, and can accommodate a large number of different ions, and have been considered for immobilizing unwanted radioactive waste.[135]
Zirconium phosphate langbeinites containing rare earth metals have been investigated for use in white LEDs and plasma displays.[104] Langbeinites that contain bismuth are photoluminescent.[104] In case of iron-containing ones complex
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