List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)
This is a list of the pierid butterflies of India. It forms part of the full List of butterflies of India.
The family Pieridae, or the whites and yellows are a family of butterflies of moderate or small size. The common names refer to the two predominant colours found on the wings of these butterflies along with markings in black.
Of the 1051 species of pierids occurring in the world, 81 species in 21 genera are found in India.
Distinguishing features
- Outline of wings usually regular. Hindwings are never tailed.
- Forelegs are fully developed in both sexes.
- The hindwings are channelled at the abdomen to fit the abdomen.
Classification
Worldwide, family Pieridae has four subfamilies, of which the whites and the yellows are well represented in India.
- Pierinae or the whites
- Coliadinae or the yellows
Subfamily Pierinae, whites
Genus Aporia, blackveins
- Tibet blackvein, Aporia peloria Hewitson, 1853
- Himalayan blackvein, Aporia leucodice (Eversmann, 1843)
- Dusky blackvein, Aporia nabellica (Boisduval, 1836)
- Bhutan blackvein, Aporia harrietae (de Nicéville, 1892)
- Great blackvein, Aporia agathon (Gray, 1832)
Genus Baltia, dwarfs
- Shaw's dwarf, Baltia shawi (Bates, 1873)
- Alphéraky, 1889
Genus Pieris, whites
- Chumbi white, Pieris chumbiensis de Nicéville, 1897
- Green banded white, Pieris krueperi devta (de Nicéville, 1884)
- Greenvein white, Pieris napi Linnaeus, 1767
- Naga white, Pieris naganum Moore, 1884
- Kashmir white, Pieris deota (de Nicéville, 1884)
- Large cabbage-white, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, 1758
- Indian cabbage white, Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1758
- Small cabbage white, Pieris rapae Linnaeus, 1758
Genus Pontia, Bath whites
- Lesser Bath white, Pontia chloridice (Hübner, 1813)
- Lofty Bath white, Pontia callidice (Hübner, 1800)
- Eastern Bath white, Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777)
Genus Anaphaeis, pioneers
- Pioneer (caper white), Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius, 1793
Genus Cepora, gulls
- Common gull, Cepora nerissa Fabricius, 1775
- Lesser gull, Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852
Genus Ixias, Indian orange tips
- White orange tip, Ixias marianne Cramer, 1779
- Yellow orange tip, Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764
Genus Delias, Jezebels
- Yellow Jezebel, Delias agostina Hewitson, 1852
- Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis Drury, 1773
- Painted Jezebel, Delias hyparete Linnaeus, 1758
- Hill Jezebel, Delias belladonna Fabricius, 1793
- Pale Jezebel, Delias sanaca (Moore, 1857)
- Dark Jezebel, Delias berinda (Moore, 1872)
- Redspot Jezebel, Delias descombesi Boisduval, 1836
- Redbase Jezebel, Delias pasithoe Linnaeus, ?
- Redbreast Jezebel, Delias acalis Godart, 1819
Genus Prioneris, sawtooths
- Doubleday, 1842
- C. Felder, 1865
- Doubleday, 1846
Genus Appias, puffins and albatrosses
- Doubleday, 1842)
- Plain puffin, Appias indra Moore, 1857
- Western striped albatross, Appias libythea Fabricius, 1775
- Eastern striped albatross, Appias olferna Fabricius, 1775
- Chocolate albatross, Appias lyncida Cramer, 1777
- Common albatross, Appias albina Felder
- Lesser albatross, Appias wardii (Moore, 1884)
- Orange albatross, Appias nero galba (Wallace, 1867)
- Nicobar albatross, Appias panda chrysea Fruhstorfer, 1903
Genus Leptosia, Psyche
Genus Euchloe, little whites
- Lemon white, Euchloe charlonia lucilla Butler, 1886
- Pearl white, Euchloe ausonia dephalis Hübner 1803
Genus Hebomoia, great orange tip
- Great orange-tip, Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758
Genus Colotis, Arabs
- Small salmon Arab, Colotis amata Fabricius, 1775
- Godart, 1819)
- White Arab, Colotis vestalis (Butler, 1876)
- Large salmon Arab, Colotis fausta (Olivier, 1804)
- Small orange-tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval, 1836
- Plain orange-tip, Colotis aurora (Cramer, 1780)
- Crimson-tip, Colotis danae (Fabricius, 1775)
Genus Pareronia, wanderers
- Pale wanderer, Pareronia avatar (Moore, 1858)
- C. & R. Felder, 1865)
- Common wanderer, Pareronia valeria (Cramer, 1776)
Subfamily Coliadinae, yellows
Genus Catopsilia, emigrants
- Common emigrant, Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775
- Mottled emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe Latreille, 1758
Genus Gonepteryx, brimstones
- Common brimstone, Gonepteryx rhamni Latreille, 1758
- Lesser brimstone, Gonepteryx aspasia Ménétriés, 1859
Genus Dercas, sulphurs
- Tailed sulphur, Dercas verhuelli (Hoeven, 1839)
- doubleDay, 1842)
Genus Eurema, grass yellows
- Small grass yellow, Eurema brigitta Cramer, 1780
- Spotless grass yellow, Eurema laeta Boisduval, 1836
- Scarce grass yellow, Eurema lacteola Distant, 1886
- One-spot grass yellow, Eurema andersonii Moore
- Common grass yellow, Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758
- Three-spot grass yellow, Eurema blanda Boisduval, 1836
- Nilgiri grass yellow, Eurema nilgiriensis
Genus Gandaca, tree yellow
- Tree yellow, Gandaca harina (Horsfield, 1829)
Genus Colias, clouded yellows
- Lemon clouded yellow, Colias thrasibulus Fabricius, 1910
- C. Felder, 1865
- Everest clouded yellow, Colias berylla Fawcett, 1904
- Fawcett's clouded yellow, Colias nina Fawcett, 1904
- C. Felder, 1865
- Orange clouded yellow, Colias stoliczkana Moore
- Dwarf clouded yellow, Colias dubia Elwes, 1906
- Dark clouded yellow, Colias croceus Geoffroy, 1785
- Nilgiri clouded yellow, Colias nilgiriensis
Life cycle
- Eggs - Tall, bottle-shaped eggs which are ribbed down the sides. They are generally white, eventually changing to yellow or orange, or, they may be blotched with red.
- Caterpillars - The caterpillars are cylindrical and smooth usually covered with hairy-ended tubercles. They are generally green and have pale longitudinal stripes. They are all generally similar and difficult to distinguish apart.
- Chrysalids - Angular with a pointed head which may be produced into a long snout. Supported by a tail hook and girth, some being suspended head upwards like the swallowtails and others being fastened horizontally to a leaf or other surface.
Food plants
The food plants vary considerably, however there is a general trend, in that the whites mostly use capers, (family
Leguminosae, which consist of peas, clover, Cassia
and others.
References
- Evans, W.H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society.
- Gay, Thomas; Kehimkar, Isaac David; Punetha, Jagdish Chandra (1992). Common Butterflies of India. Nature Guides. Bombay, India: World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195631647.
- Haribal, Meena (1992). The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History. Gangtok, Sikkim, India: Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.
- Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. ISBN 978-8173713545.
- ISBN 978-8170192329.
External links
- LepIndex, NHM, London
- Idaho Museum of Natural History
- A modern classification of the Pieridae at Butterfly Net International
- Indian Butterflies - Pieridae
