Lynn de Silva's theology
A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. (June 2010) |
Lynn de Silva's theology began at an early stage in
There is a growing body of opinion within Christianity that its theology is shop-soiled and needs drastic revision in order first, to re-root it in the basic biblical teaching, secondly, to bring it into harmony with new insights and modes of thought coming from other faiths, ideologies and modern science and thirdly, to relate it to social realities... What I have attempted is to help this process of transformation in Christian thinking. However, theological thinking in order to be meaningful and relevant must be contextual. The context of this book is Buddhism.[3]
To obtain the necessary background in Sri Lankan Buddhist practices, de Silva consulted reputed Buddhist monks and scholars, visited Buddhist places of worship, and consulted written sources on Sri Lankan Buddhism.[4] Although most of his studies were completed in English, he took a special effort to master Sinhalese and the Sri Lankan culture.[1] Furthermore, he became proficient in Pali, the language of the Buddhist scriptures.[1][4][3] His findings eventually led to his most popular work, the book titled Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices in Sri Lanka (de Silva 1974).[4][5] In the early 1980s, this book was considered[who?] unparalleled as an introduction to Buddhism in Sri Lanka, and also considered the most complete, thorough and sensitive book on Buddhism in Sri Lanka, resulting in it generally being recommended by professors and monks as a standard book on Buddhist practices in Sri Lanka.[1][5]
Tilakkhana
Lynn de Silva believed that the construction of a theology that is focused towards the Buddhist cultural environment "must begin with living
Although Tilakkhana is a Buddhist concept, de Silva finds that Tilakkhana is not a concept alien to the Bible. In his search for Tilakkhana in the Bible, de Silva finds anicca and dukkha in a number of Biblical passages, such as Psalms 90, that speak of the transitoriness, suffering, and anxiety of human life. This leads him to believe that "the polarity of conflict between being and the possibility of non-being that lies at the core of human existence, the mood of anxiety, the finitude and precariousness of man's life, is a familiar theme that runs through the Bible."[8] Furthermore, de Silva finds that, although there is no systematic exposition of Tilakkhana in the Bible as found in Buddhist texts, the undertones of anicca, dukkha and anattā do occur together in the Bible.[6]
Anattā-Pneuma
In 1979, de Silva released his most outstanding contribution to Theology, He argues that such a misconception arose as a consequence of the translation of the Bible into Greek:
The idea of an immortal soul is certainly a firmly established traditional belief of Christians, but it is a belief that has entered Christian thinking through the influence of
Greek Philosophy and is altogether alien to what the Bible teaches about the nature and destiny of man.... It can be confidently said that in the Bible, there is no notion of an immortal soul existing independently as an eternal, immutable, and perdurable entity, which inhabits the body and escapes it at death. It is this notion that Buddhism rejects in no uncertain terms, and on this point there is a fundamental agreement between Buddhism and biblical theology, so much so that it is possible to state the biblical view of man making use of Buddhist categories of thought.(de Silva 1979)
Based on his observation, de Silva shows how the Buddhist doctrine of anattā is complementary to the Christian notion of
In his review of de Silva's book The Problem of the Self in Buddhism and Christianity,
From the evangelical theologians, Tissa Weerasinghe believed that de Silva needs to put more emphasis on the "glaring disharmony" between Christianity and Buddhism that their differing views on the biblical notion of soul suggest.
Salvation
With his inclusivistic view on religion in the early stages of his career, Lynn de Silva believed that salvation does not only apply to Christians, but also to other religions. He maintains that while Christians can use Christ as their means for salvation, other religions can use their own means for salvation:
This does not mean that only those who consciously acknowledge the Lordship of Jesus Christ as known in history will be saved and all others will be lost eternally. The Christ-event is the classic instance of salvation, but not the exclusive event in history through which God has mediated his salvation to mankind. The other events, although they do not measure up to the classic event, are in no way insufficient means of salvation. Each event, like the Christ event, is a promise and guarantee of the salvation that is to be in the end-time.(de Silva 1967b)
Later in his life, de Silva developed more of a pluralistic view on religion, believing that neither of the two religions is superior to the other. This change of view is evident in his posthumously published article Buddhism and Christianity Relativised, in volume 9 of the Dialogue journal.[20]
In
He argues that it is the Bible that takes the anattā characteristic of Tilakkhana seriously. With Jesus as saviour, de Silva believes a perfect solution for man's tragic condition in Tilakkhana can be found in Christianity; in particular, he shows that the role of Jesus as saviour supports his conviction that a person cannot save himself through self effort.[18] He goes on to say that by emphasising the anattā characteristic, Christians could make an attempt to convince Buddhists of the necessity of divine help in attaining Nibbana.[18]
Despite doctrinaire Buddhists' claims, de Silva shows that the need for a saviour has found expression in Buddhism in numerous ways. By examining his own culture, de Silva goes on to show that the majority of lay Buddhists in Sri Lanka view the Buddha as a living saviour, who is able to confer blessings to mankind.[22]
In her Ph.D. thesis containing a chapter on de Silva's work, Damayanthi Niles claims that there is a problem with de Silva's argument in relation to salvation, in that it "reconciles the exclusive Christ-event and the inclusive vision of God's salvific plan purely on Christian terms," and that it does not take the "religious visions and commitments of other faiths seriously."[23] Furthermore, she argues that de Silva's understanding of salvation, as found in his paper Non-Christian Religions and God's Plan of Salvation (de Silva 1967b), borrows a religious idea from other religions and uses the idea to make Christianity more palatable to other religions and to Christians sensitive to pluralism.[23]
Anattā and God
Lynn de Silva shares
Man is related to a power or reality 'above' or 'beyond' himself, i.e., beyond his material life. This reality is referred to in different religions as Brahma, Allah, 'Buddha'--life, or even Nirvana. Religion is therefore an expression of man's relation to the limits of his own existence. That ultimate frontier of human existence, in whichever way religions may conceive it, is what the word 'God' signifies.[25]
He acknowledges that the Buddhist way for obtaining peace and insight without the need for belief in God constitutes a "novel and powerful challenge to Christianity."[26] However, he maintains that the concept of God could still become a fruitful area for dialogue with Buddhism.[27] For such dialogue to take place, he argues that a reorientation of Christian thought about God is necessary, in order to eliminate some of their base notions of God and to help them come to a more thorough understanding of what they mean by "God."[27]
In relation to the place of "God" in Buddhism, de Silva contributed to the development of the Dharma-God idea, in which what the Buddha rejected is interpreted as being the notions that were considered during the Buddha's generation to be associated with God, rather than the Ultimate Reality that the term "God" or "Brahman" signified.[28] Regarding the concept of Dharma (or Dhamma) in Buddhism, de Silva states that if there is nothing beyond the Dhamma, then the Dhamma must be the supreme Being in whom the highest ideals are acknowledged and actualised.[29]
His main contribution toward overcoming the incompatibility between Buddhism and Christianity in regards to the concept of God is in arguing that an understanding of the Biblical treatment of anattā can find a place for "God" in Buddhism.[18][27] In particular, he argues that Christianity carries the concept of anattā into its logical conclusion, and that "it is in relation to the reality of God that the reality of anattā can be meaningful".[18]
Thanatology
In the last few years before his death, de Silva focused his study towards the study of human death, namely, the field of
In this paper, de Silva talks about "Life Beyond Death," and writes that theologians should not ignore data about the Parapsychology. He urges that evidence about the paranormal is compelling, and that it is a field that merits careful study. Regarding
We need to purge the doctrine of Purgatory of its traditional imagery and restate the truth underlying it. Basically, purgatory symbolizes the process of purging the distoring elements in a person; it is a process of cleansing by which a person is fitted for his ultimate destiny. The kind of "suffering" as a penalty for wrongs done, but as a painful surrender of the ego-centered self, the losing of self, the discovery that one is anattā in the process of finding one's true being. Purgatory is a process of spiritual death and rebirth, of progressive sanctification, a process which begins in this very life.
In his final Dialogue journal publication Reflections on Life in the Midst of Death, de Silva explains that it is
Separation which is the result of sin can be overcome according to the Christian understanding, only by love, for love is the reunion of life with life, the reconciliation of the self with God and with itself. Love transforms death into meaningful destiny...when we love someone, we do not merely love him but we love the love that is in him and this is eternal life in action. Such love has an eternal quality. Nothing can destroy it. Love is stronger than death.
Tissa de Alwis, in his Th.D. thesis studying the works of Lynn de Silva, argues that "de Silva's attempt to harmonise Rebirth, Purgatory, and an intermediate state, which is a kind of a continuum in which one passes from a near state of annihilation to the closest union with God, is inconsistent with the radical picture of Biblical anatta"; furthermore, de Alwis states that de Silva "fails to define lostness in the final sense and slides into an unrestricted universalism."[30]
Publications
Books
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1950), Purana Darshanaya (Sinhalese), Colombo, Sri Lanka: M.D. Gunasena
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1961), Lukge Subaranchi Pradipaya (Sinhalese), Colombo, Sri Lanka: Committee for Publication of Christian Literature
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1964), Creation, Redemption and Consummation in Buddhist and Christian Thought, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Thailand Theological Seminary
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1968), Reincarnation in Buddhist and Christian Thought, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Christian Literature Society, ASIN B0006C3NP6
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1974), Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices in Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Wesley Press, ASIN B0000CQC8X
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1979) [First edition published by the Study Center for Religion and Society, Colombo, 1975], The Problem of the Self in Buddhism and Christianity (2nd ed.), London: Macmillan Press, ISBN 0-333-23660-2
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1980), Lakdiva Pariharaika Buddhagama (Sinhalese), Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue
Book chapters
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1967a), Singh, Herbert Jai (ed.), "Buddhist-Christian Dialogue", Inter-Religious Dialogue, Bangalore: The Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1971), S. J. Samartha (ed.), "Some Issues in Buddhist-Christian Dialogue", Dialogue Between Men of Living Faiths: Papers Presented at the Consultation Held at Ajaltoun, Lebanon, March 1970, Geneva: WCC: 47–58
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1975), Brown, David A. (ed.), "[Contributed material to chapter on Buddhism]", A Guide to Religions, S.P.C.K. and United Society for Christian Literature for the Theological Education Fund: 123–154, ISBN 978-0-281-02849-8
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1976), Elwood, Douglas J. (ed.), "The Problem of the Self in Buddhism and Christianity", What Asian Christians Are Thinking: A Theological Source Book, Quezon City: New Day Publishers of the Christian Literature Society of the Philippines: 105–118
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1976), Anderson, Gerald H. (ed.), "Sri Lanka: Theological Construction in a Buddhist Context", Asian Voices in Christian Theology, Maryknoll: Orbis Books: 37–52, ISBN 0-88344-016-4
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1978), Amirtham, Samuel (ed.), "An Existential Understanding of the Doctrine of Creation in the Context of Buddhism", A Vision for Man: Essays on Faith, Theology and Society: In Honour of Joshua Russell Chandran, Madras: Christian Literature Society: 78–91
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1979a), Carter, John Ross (ed.), "Christian Community within Communities", Religiousness in Sri Lanka, Colombo: Marga Institute: 273–300
- S. J. Samartha; de Silva, Lynn A., eds. (1979b), Man in Nature: Guest or Engineer? A Preliminary Enquiry by Christians and Buddhists into the Religious Dimensions in Humanity's Relation to Nature, Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue [in cooperation with the WCC, Geneva], pp. 16–23
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1980), Fabella, Virginia (ed.), "Christian Reflection in a Buddhist Context", Asia's Struggle for Full Humanity: Towards a Relevant Theology: Papers from the Asian Theological Conference, January 7–20, 1979, Wennappuwa, Sri Lanka, Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books: 96–107, ISBN 0-88344-015-6
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1980), Francis, T. Dayananda (ed.), "Dialogue in the Context of Sri Lanka Buddhism", New Approaches to Interfaith Dialogue, Uppsala: Church of Sweden Mission: 89–102
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1982), Jathanna, Constantine D. (ed.), "The theological significance of people of other faiths", Dialogue in Community: Essays in Honour of S. J. Stanley, Mangalore: Karnataka Theological Research Institute: 31–45
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1992), Francis, T. Dayananda; Balasundaram, F. J. (eds.), "Dialogue in the Context of Sri Lanka Buddhism", Asian Expressions of Christian Commitment: A Reader in Asian Theology, Madras: Christian Literature Society: 394–406
Papers
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1952), Premaoushadaya (Sinhalese), Colombo, Sri Lanka: Liberty Press
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1952), Premaye Rahasa (Sinhalese), Colombo, Sri Lanka: Salvation Army Press
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1957), Deva Vishvasaya (Sinhalese), Colombo, Sri Lanka: Committee for the Publication of Christian Literature
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1957), Belief in God, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Committee for the Publication of Christian Literature
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1961), Than, U. Kyaw (ed.), "The Biblical Understanding of Man and of Man in Society in Relation to Buddhism", A Consultation on Buddhist-Christian Encounter, Rangoon. [Reprinted in Cyclostyled form by Study Center, Sri Lanka, 1964]
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1961), Than, U. Kyaw (ed.), "The Christian Solution to the Problem of Man in Relation to Buddhism", A Consultation on Buddhist-Christian Encounter, Rangoon. [Reprinted in Cyclostyled form by Study Center, Sri Lanka, 1964]
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1964), Bauddha Jatika Balavegaya and the Search for the Historical Jesus, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - de Silva, Lynn A. (1966), Why can't I save myself? The Christian Answer in Relation to Buddhist Thought, Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Christian Study Centre
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1967b), Hayward, Victor E. W. (ed.), "Non-Christian Religions and God's Plan of Salvation", Study Encounter, 2, 3, WCC: 61–67
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1967c), Hayward, Victor E. W. (ed.), "Relevant Areas of Dialogue with Buddhists", Study Encounter, 2, 3, WCC: 79–80
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1967d), "The Buddhist challenge and the Christian response", Logos, 2, 8, Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue: 1–16
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1968), Potter, Philip (ed.), "Good News of Salvation to the Buddhist", International Review of Missions, 288, 57 (228),
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1969), The Cross and the Bodhi Tree, Wesley Press
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1970), Why believe in God? The Christian Answer in Relation to Buddhism, Colombo, Sri Lanka: The Christian Study Centre
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1971), Small, Walter J. T. (ed.), "Encounter with Buddhism", A History of the Methodist Church in Ceylon, Colombo, Sri Lanka: 570–579
- de Silva; Lynn A., eds. (1972), Dialogue Between Men of Living Faiths: statements by Buddhists, Hindus, Christians, Muslims, Colombo: Wesley Press, for the Study Center
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1975), Brown, David A. (ed.), "Buddhism", A Guide to Religions: Study Guide No. 12, London: S.P.C.K.
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1976), Peton, David M. (ed.), "Dialogue [Part of a talk delivered at the Fifth Assembly of the World Council of Churches, Nairobi]", Breaking Barriers, London: S.P.C.K.
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1977), "Dialogue: A Matter of Necessity [Also in French as: "Le dialogue n'est plus un choix, Mais Une Necessite", in Volume 3 of Mensuel]", One World, 23, Colombo, Sri Lanka: WCC: 10–11
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1979c), Emergent Theology in the Context of Buddhism, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1980), Elwood, Douglas J. (ed.), "Emergent Theology in the Context of Buddhism", Asian Christian Theology: Emerging Themes, Philadelphia: Westminster John Knox: 220–238
- de Silva, Lynn A. (1982), "Reflections on Life in the midst of Death [Presented at Department of Faiths and Ideologies (DFI) of the World Council of Churches in Bali, Indonesia in December 1981]", Dialogue, 10, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue: 4–17
- de Silva, Lynn A. (c. 1960), "Buddhism and Christianity", Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Sri Lanka[full citation needed]
- Corless, Roger J.; de Silva, Lynn (1992), "Christians Learning About Buddhist Neighbors [Published posthumously]", Occasional Paper #6, Office of Ecumenical and Interfaith Relations, Presbyterian Church
Newspaper and magazine articles
- de Silva, Lynn A. (October 5, 1971), "Dialogue Between Faiths", The Ceylon Daily, Sri Lanka
- de Silva, Lynn A. (March 26, 1978), "Many Mansions", The Sunday Observer, Sri Lanka
- de Silva, Lynn A. (September–October 1981), "Glimpses of life beyond death", The Ceylon Churchman, Sri Lanka
Dialogue journal
Following is a list of editorials and article edits in the Dialogue journal by Lynn de Silva.[4]
Old series (September 1961 – April 1973) | ||||
Title | Number | Page | Month | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
From Diatribe to Dialogue (Editorial) | 1 | 1 | September | 1963 |
Comments and Criticisms on Dr. K.N. Jayathilake's article "Can the Buddhist Theory of Rebirth be Proved" | 1 | 14 | September | 1963 |
Mexico 1963 (Editorial) | 2 | 23 | January | 1964 |
B.J.B. and the Search for the Historical Jesus (letter) | 2 | 38 | January | 1964 |
Living on the Christian–Buddhist Frontier (Editorial) | 3 | 45 | June | 1964 |
The Problem of Suffering: The Christian Answer in the Light of Buddhist Thought | 4 | 75 | October | 1964 |
The Gospel in Relation to the Buddhist view of History | 5 | 110 | February | 1965 |
The Problem of the Self – The Christian Solution in Relation to Buddhist Thought | 6 | 123 | July | 1965 |
The Look in the Eye (Editorial) | 7 | 139 | November | 1965 |
"The Girl was Born" | 8 | 180 | March | 1966 |
The Validity of Empirical Evidence in Reincarnational Stories | 8 | 182 | March | 1966 |
Biogenesis versus Reincarnation
|
8 | 185 | March | 1966 |
Is Buddhism Atheistic ?
|
9 | 193 | July | 1966 |
How do we know God? | 9 | 199 | July | 1966 |
Is God a Person? | 9 | 202 | July | 1966 |
Rebirth — The Critic's Reply | 9 | 206 | July | 1966 |
Alternate Theories to the Theory of Reincarnation | 9 | 209 | July | 1966 |
Beyond Tolerance (Editorial) | 10 | 213 | November | 1966 |
Christian Religions and God's Plan of Salvation | 11 | 246 | April | 1967 |
Saddhā
|
12 | 281 | September | 1967 |
The Christian Attitude to Buddhism | 13 | 7–12 | December | 1967 |
Christian Attitude to Buddhism: A Reply | 13 | 19–24 | December | 1967 |
Faith and Authority (Editorial) | 14 | 317 | February | 1968 |
Three Open Letters to the Chairman of the Buddhist Symposium: on Faith, Authority & Omniscience | 15 | 91 | July | 1968 |
Towards an Indigenous Theology (Editorial) | 16 | 29 | November | 1968 |
The Doctrine of Creation
|
16 | 31 | November | 1968 |
A Parable (Editorial) | 17 | 54 | March | 1969 |
Gautama 's Search for the Ultimate (God)
|
17 | 63 | March | 1969 |
Ultimate Reality
|
17 | 67 | March | 1969 |
Buddhism, Christianity and the Death of God | 18 | 76 | August | 1969 |
Theistic Development in Buddhism | 19 | 85 | December | 1969 |
Dialogue and Mission | 20,21 | 95 | June | 1970 |
Dialogue and Mission | 20,21 | 107 | June | 1970 |
"Beirut" over Radio Ceylon | 22 | 132 | October | 1970 |
Worship of the Buddha Image | 25 | 167 | December | 1972 |
Relic Worship and the cult of the Bodhi Tree | 26 | 195 | December | 1972 |
New series (January 1974 – January 1981) | |||
Title | Volume | Number | Page |
---|---|---|---|
What is Dialogue (Editorial) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
The Debate of the Century: The Panadura Vade | 1 | 1 | 17 |
HolyWorldlines (Editorial) | 2 | 1 | 1 |
The Meaning of Religion in Sri Lanka Today: A Christian View | 2 | 1 | 12 |
Can the Mind Exist apart from the Brain? | 2 | 2 | 76 |
Anattā and God
|
2 | 3 | 106 |
Freedom from Teutonic Captivity (Editorial) | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Concord (Editorial) | 3 | 2 | 43 |
Turn to "Community" as the Focus for Dialogue | 4 | 1,2 | 1 |
The Understanding and Goal of Dialogue | 4 | 1,2 | 3 |
Proselytism | 4 | 1,2 | 37 |
Religious Dimensions in Humanity's Relation to Nature (Christian Scriptural Insights)
|
5 | 1 | 19 |
Rethinking Theology in the Context of Buddhism | 6 | 1,2 | 53 |
Living in a Pluralistic World (Editorial)
|
6 | 3 | 83 |
Every Religion has Its Jealousies (Editorial) | 7 | 1 | 1 |
Monks and the Asian Reality (Editorial)
|
7 | 2 | 47 |
Dialogue Creative Transformation | 8 | 1,2,3 | 1 |
Buddhism and Christianity Relativised | 9 | 1,2,3 | 73 |
Reflections on Life in the Midst of Death | 10 | 1 | 4 |
De Silva as subject
- de Alwis, Tissa Brian (1982). Christian-Buddhist Dialogue in the Writings of Lynn A. de Silva (Th.D. thesis). Andrews University.
- Dornberg, Ulrich (1992), "Lynn A. de Silva", Searching Through the Crisis: Christians, Contextual Theology and Social Change in Sri Lanka in the 1970s and 1980s, Colombo: Center for Society and Religion: 137–140
- Balasundaram, Franklyn J. (1994), The Prophetic Voices of Asia, vol. 2, Colombo: Center for Society and Religion, pp. 107–115
- de Silva, Lynn (1998), Mit Buddha und Christus Auf dem Weg (An Anthology of Six Major Writings of Lynn de Silva), translated by Moerschbacher, Marco; Höhensteiger, Petrus, Freiburg: Herder
- Niles, Damayanthi Mercy Arulratnum (1998). Religion and the Christian Faith in South Asia: A Critical Enquiry into the Writings of Hendrik Kraemer, Lynn de Silva & M. M. Thomas with Regard to the use of Understandings of Religion in the Theological Task (Ph.D. thesis). University of Chicago.
References
- ^ a b c d e "Obituary – Rev. Dr. Lynn A. de Silva", Methodist Conference Report, 1982
- ^ Brueggemann, Walter (2001), Hope for the world: mission in a global context, Westminster John Knox Press, p. 110
- ^ a b (Niles 1998, p. 50)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Pieris S.J., Aloysius (1982), "Rev. Dr. Lynn A. de Silva: A Tribute", Dialogue, 9, Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue: 1–3
- ^ JSTOR 1389922
- ^ a b (de Alwis 1982, p. 123)
- ^ (de Alwis 1982, p. 121)
- ^ (de Alwis 1982, p. 124)
- S2CID 34960691
- S2CID 170456297
- ISSN 1448-6326, archived from the originalon 2009-10-17, retrieved 2010-03-02
- ISBN 0-88344-198-5
- ^ Griffith-Dickson, Gwen (2002-01-31), "From 'Self' and 'Other' – to 'We'", Gresham College,
excellent source to consult on the Buddhist doctrine of no-self
- ^ JSTOR 1398982
- ^ JSTOR 1203142
- ^ JSTOR 1463468
- ^ ISBN 0-310-20971-4
- ^ ISBN 0-87808-508-4
- S2CID 149288562
- ^ (de Alwis 1982, p. 171)
- ^ (de Alwis 1982, p. 176)
- ^ a b (Niles 1998, p. 55)
- S2CID 55856276
- ^ (Hallett 2007, p. [page needed])
- ^ (de Alwis 1982, p. 216)
- ^ a b c (de Alwis 1982, p. 217)
- ^ (de Alwis 1982, p. 218)
- ^ (de Alwis 1982, p. 224)
- ^ de Alwis, Tissa Brian (1983), "Christian Buddhist Dialogue in the Writings of Lynn A. de Silva", Dialogue, 10 (1), Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ecumenical Institute for Study and Dialogue