Mạc Thiên Tứ
| Mạc Thiên Tứ 鄚天賜 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tông Đức hầu | |||||||||
Siam | |||||||||
| Spouse | Nguyễn Thị | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Father | Mạc Cửu | ||||||||
| Mother | Bùi Thị Lẫm (裴氏廪)[2] | ||||||||
| Mạc Thiên Tứ | |
|---|---|
| Chinese name | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Mò Tiāncì |
| Wade–Giles | Mo4 Tien1-tzʻŭ4 |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Jyutping | Mok6 Tin1-ci3 |
| Southern Min | |
| Hokkien POJ | Bo̍h Thian-sù |
Mạc Thiên Tứ (chữ Hán: 鄚天賜, pinyin: Mò Tiāncì, Khmer: ម៉ាក់ ធានទឺ, December 12, 1699 or December 16, 1705 or January 01, 1718 – June 18, 1780), also known as Mạc Thiên Tích (鄚天錫) or Mạc Tông (鄚琮, Khmer: ម៉ាក់ តុង[1]), was a Vietnamese leader who ruled Hà Tiên from 1735 to 1771 and from 1773 to 1777. He was called Mo Shilin (Chinese: 莫士麟; pinyin: Mò Shìlín, Thai: ม่อซื่อหลิน) in Veritable Records of Qing dynasty.[3]
He was the eldest son of
Mạc Thiên Tứ was also interested in Chinese culture, and built many schools.[6] He adopted a policy of religious tolerance, he treated all religions evenhandedly.[5] Pierre Pigneau de Behaine, a French Catholic priest, was allowed to preach in Hà Tiên.
According to Vietnamese source, in 1739, a Cambodian army led by "Nặc Bồn" invaded Hà Tiên, but was utterly defeated by Tứ. From then on, Cambodia did not try to resume Hà Tiên.[6] Though no Cambodian chronicle recorded this affair, Tứ's victory was highly significant since it allowed Hà Tiên to enjoy full independence from Cambodia thereafter.[8]
In 1756, the Cambodian king
After
Another incident increased the contradictions between Mạc Thiên Tứ and Taksin. After the defeat of
In 1771, Siamese army led by Taksin and Phraya Phiphit landed at
In 1775,
Tứ committed suicide in prison. Two sons, Mạc Tử Hoàng and Mạc Tử Dung, his wife, Tôn Thất Xuân and the Vietnamese envoys were executed.[6] His three sons, Mạc Tử Sanh, Mạc Tử Tuấn and Mạc Tử Thiêm, were rescued by Kalahom (Pok) and hid in countryside. After King Rama I ascended the Siamese throne, they were allowed to live in Bangkok. Later, Sinh became new ruler of Hà Tiên.[6] In 1789, Mạc Công Bính, a son of Mạc Tử Hoàng, brought his body back to Vietnam, and buried in Hà Tiên.[15]
Family
Mạc Thiên Tứ had a large number of offsprings,[15] including:[2]
- Sons:
- Mạc Tử Hoàng (鄚子潢), heir apparent, born to principal wife Nguyễn Thị
- Mạc Tử Dung (鄚子溶) or Mạc Tử Duyên (鄚子沿), born to principal wife Nguyễn Thị
- Mạc Tử Thảng (鄚子淌), born to principal wife Nguyễn Thị
- Mạc Tử Sanh (鄚子泩), born to a concubine
- Mạc Tử Tuấn (鄚子浚), born to a concubine
- Mạc Tử Thiêm (鄚子添), born to a concubine
- Daughters:
- Mạc Thị Long (鄚氏隆), born to principal wife Nguyễn Thị
- Mạc Thị Hai (鄚氏咍), born to principal wife Nguyễn Thị
- Mạc Thị Giác (鄚氏灚), born to principal wife Nguyễn Thị
Notes
- ^ a b "ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រប្រទេសកម្ពុជា-ជំពូកទី៣" (in Khmer).
- ^ a b Dai & Yang 1991, p. 252
- ^ "清实录·乾隆实录·卷之八百三十七" (in Chinese).
- ^ Coedes 1966, p. 213
- ^ a b c Ooi 2004, p. 806
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên, vol. 6
- ^ a b พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงธนบุรี
- ^ a b c d e Cooke & Li 2004, pp. 44–46
- ^ a b c d Việt Nam sử lược, Quyển 2, Tự chủ thời đại, Chương 6
- Hà Nội, tờ 8a-8b.
- ^ Eric Tagliacozzo, Wen-chin Chang, Chinese Circulations: Capital, Commodities, and Networks in Southeast Asia, p. 151
- ^ Cooke & Li 2004, p. 105
- ^ "The Emergence of the Kingdom of Thonburi in the Context of the Chinese Era 1727-1782, p. 20" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-05. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
- ^ Siamese Melting Pot by Edward Van Roy
- ^ a b Hà Tiên trấn Hiệp trấn Mạc thị gia phả
Sources
- Coedes, George (1966), The making of South East Asia, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-05061-7
- Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana (2004), Water frontier: commerce and the Chinese in the Lower Mekong Region, 1750-1880, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-7425-3083-6
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2004), "Mac Thien Tu (1780-1800)", Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, pp. 806–807, ISBN 1-57607-770-5
- Dai, Kelai; Yang, Baoyun (1991), Ling nan zhi guai deng shi liao san zhong (in Chinese), Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou gu ji chu ban she, ISBN 7534802032