Mahaviracharita
Mahaviracharita ("Exploits of a Great Hero") is a play by the 8th-century
Structure and plot
The play is composed of seven acts. Most modern scholars agree that Bhavabhuti has written the play from the beginning only to the 46th verse of Act V.[2][3] According to one theory, the rest of the play is lost to time. Another theory suggests that Bhavabuti left the play incomplete after the 46th verse of Act V. However, two different extensions replace the lost material to make up seven acts. The North Indian version is composed by a poet Vinayaka and the South Indian version is attributed to Subrahmanya, but this is disputed.[2] Both versions do not resemble Bhavabuti's style. However, the North Indian version is considered better in quality than the South Indian version.[4]
Bhavabhuti's original: Act I - V.46
The prologue starts with the
Act I begins with Vishwamitra introducing the Ayodhyan princes to Kushadhvaja, who in turn introduces his nieces to the sage. From behind the curtain, Ahalya hails Rama as her saviour and Vishwamitra tells her story to the Mithila royalty. Sita realizes that Rama is no ordinary being and develops feelings for him. Sarvamaya, a messenger of the demon king of Lanka - Ravana - demands Sita for his king. An angry Lakshamana reacts, but is pacified by Rama. Suddenly, demoness Tataka attacks the sacrifice site. Vishwamitra orders Rama to slay her, but Rama hesitates to kill a woman. The sage justifies her slaying since she otherwise would slay the priests. The powerful Tataka is killed, shocking Sarvamaya. A pleased Vishwamitra grants the princes divine weapons. Kushadhvaja wishes to have Rama as his son-in-law. Janaka imposes a condition, only the man who can string the enormous bow of the god Shiva may win the hand of Sita. So, Rama mounts the string on the bow, breaking it in the process. Kushadhvaja and Vishwamitra decide to marry Sita and Urmila to Rama and Lakshamana. Tataka's sons Maricha and Subahu attack the sacrifice site. Vishwamitra orders Rama to slay them, ending the Act.[6]
In Act II, Ravana's minister
The sage
In Act IV, Malyavan and Surpanakha visit Mithila in a
Act V starts with a short story about Surpanakha lusting for Rama and Lakshmana cutting her nose, when they moved to
North Indian manuscript
Act V continues with a fair duel between Vali and Rama. Rama slays Vali, who in his dying breath asks Rama for forgiveness and advises him to form an alliance with Sugriva and Vibhishana.[11]
Act VI begins with a disappointed Malyavan learning that his plans have failed, Lanka is set on fire by Rama's monkey general Hanuman and Ravana's obsession with Sita and his wife Mandodari's plea to return Sita. In the main scene, Mandodari tells Ravana about a bridge of flowing rocks to by built by the monkeys. Rama's monkey envoy Angada arrives, but his peace deal is rejected. Battle preparations start. The god Indra and the gandharva Chitraratha come to witness the epic war. The whole war is presented as a dialogue between them. Finally, Rama slays Ravana.[11]
Act VII starts with the presiding deities of the cities Lanka and Alaka discussing Sita's trial by fire, Vibhishana's coronation and Rama's preparations to return home. Rama and his party return to Ayodhya in Ravana's flying machine, describing the places they see below them. Hanuman flies ahead to convey the message of Rama's arrival to Bharata. A welcome party greets Rama and the play ends with Rama's coronation.[11]
South Indian manuscript
Act V continues with Vali and Rama agreeing to fight.[12]
In Act VI, Rama kills a deer, not knowing it is Vali, cursed by a sage and turned into a deer. Sage Agastya gives Rama divine vision so that he can see the evil designs of Malyavan and Ravana.[12]
Act VII starts with a conversation between Indra and Dasharatha, who arrive from heaven in Ayodhya in a flying machine. They discuss Ravana's defeat, Vibhishana's coronation, Sita's fire ordeal and Rama's arrival in Ayodhya. The gods and sages bless the crowned Rama and Sita, ending the play.[12]
Themes
Though Bhavabhuti's inspiration is the Ramayana, the earliest narrative of Rama's life; he has deviated with the Ramayana plot at many places, like love feelings in Sita's heart, Kaikeyi absolved of all guilt, Surpanakha possessing Manthara and Rama killing Vali in a fair battle. Bhavabhuti has even quoted some Ramayana verses verbatim. A unique feature of the play is the plotting of Malyavan.[13] While Ramayana is clear that Rama kills Vali justly from a hidden spot while Vali and Sugriva are in a duel, Bhavabhuti portrays Vali allying with the villain Ravana and killed in a fair battle, thus legitimatising the death of Vali at the hands of Rama.[3]
The most prominent rasa is Vira or heroism, expressed in Rama's valorous speech. Other rasas include Raudra (anger), in Parshurama's speech and Bibhasta (disgust) in grotesque descriptions of demons and their corpses. Bhavabhuti uses 20 poetic metres in the 200 verses of the play.[14]
Much about Bhavabhuti's life is known from the information given by him in the prologue of this play.[15]
Assessment
Two of the acts are devoted to a confrontation between Rama and Parashurama. This overstretched dialogue is considered as a sign of the immaturity of Bhavabhuti at this period.[1] The play is also criticized as a listing of events rather than a coherent composition.[16] Bhavabuti is praised for his characterization of the various epic personalities and his innovative remodeling of the story, inducing various new themes and events.[16][1] Bhavabuti's analysis of politics and his handling of the Manthara, Surpanakha, and Parshurama episodes with Malyavan's devious background politics is commended.[16]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "Mahavira Charita". Dictionary Of Indology. Pustak Mahal. 2009. p. 134.
- ^ a b c Mirashi p.111
- ^ a b Pillai, S. Devadas (1997). Indian sociology through Ghurye, A dictionary. Popular Prakashan. p. 213.
- ^ Mirashi p.146
- ^ Mirashi pp.111-3
- ^ Mirashi pp.113-6
- ^ Mirashi pp.116-22
- ^ Mirashi pp.122-9
- ^ Mirashi pp.129-37
- ^ Mirashi pp.137-42
- ^ a b c Mirashi pp.142-4
- ^ a b c Mirashi pp.144-6
- ^ Mirashi pp. 146-8
- ^ Mirashi p. 151
- ^ "Bhavabuti". Dictionary Of Indology. Pustak Mahal. 2009. p. 32.
- ^ a b c Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). A history of Indian literature, 500-1399: from courtly to the popular. A history of Indian literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 56.
Books
- Mirashi, V. V. (1996). "The Mahavira-charita". Bhavabhūti. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 81-208-1180-1.