Maianthemum
Maianthemum | |
---|---|
Maianthemum racemosum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Asparagaceae |
Subfamily: | Nolinoideae |
Genus: | Maianthemum F.H.Wigg. |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Maianthemum includes the former genus Smilacina and is a
Vegetative
- Rhizomes and roots
Rhizomes are persistent and have scale leaves. They can be sympodial; spreading and thread-like, or cylindric, clumped and fleshy.[4] Maianthemum paludicola has an unusual woody, upright sympodial rhizome set above ground.[5] Roots may be spread along the rhizome, clumped at the nodes, or clumped near the base of leafy shoots. The rhizome is the perennial part of the plant and growth is by branching of the rhizome. Flowering/fruiting shoots are attached to the rhizome by a discreet internode, are short-lived and wither at the end of the growing season.[6]
- Stems and leaves
The stems are unbranched and pendant to arching or upright. Fertile plants have 2 to 17 or more stem (cauline)
Reproductive
- Inflorescence
The inflorescence is either a panicle or a raceme with few to many pedicellate flowers. Racemes may be simple (one flower per node) or complex (some nodes with 2 or more flowers). Panicles may be few- to many-branched and the branches themselves are often racemose. A few Asian species such as Maianthemum henryi have a main axis with fully extended racemose branches at lower nodes and upper nodes with clustered flowers. The type and pattern of inflorescence is the most useful feature to separate Maianthemum species.[6]
- Flowers
The flowers are
- Gynoecium
The
- Androecium
- Fruit and seeds
The
Morphology
-
Rhizome and roots: M. stellatum
-
Unbranched, upright stem: M. racemosum amplexicaule
-
Sterile plants: M. canadense
-
Simple raceme; one pedicellate flower per node: M. stellatum
-
Complex raceme, some nodes with 2 flowers: M. canadense
-
Panicle with main axis and side branches: M. racemosum amplexicaule
Taxonomy
The current concept includes species that were previously divided into 2 closely related genera; Maianthemum, including dimerous species and Smilacina for the trimerous ones. Studies in the 1970s showed strong genetic similarity, similar fruits, and evidence that the 4-tepal species evolved from a 6-tepal species, so the genus Smilacina was combined with Maianthemum.[4]
Phylogeny
In the
Etymology
Maianthemum comes from the Greek for "May" (maios) and “flower” (Anthos).[8]
Distribution and habitat
The genus is widespread across much of North America, Europe and Asia,[1][2][3][4]
Ecology
The majority of species are spring-flowering forest herbs, requiring shaded, moist conditions and cool temperatures. Some however (e.g. Maianthemum monteverdense) are epiphytes. Others such as Maianthemum stellatum grow in diverse habitats from sand dunes to forest under-stories. And Maianthemum trifolium and Maianthemum paludicola are found in full sun in open wetlands.[6] M. trifolium is sometimes considered aquatic.[4] The species that are forest herbs generally begin growth in early spring, with leaves expanding before the tree canopy fully develops. Epiphytic tropical species usually grow new shoots in the dry season.[6]
Conservation
Many of the North American Maianthemum are widespread and relatively common. Several though are considered endemic to the wider “Mesomexico”.[9] Maianthemum comaltepecense is a rare perennial, terrestrial herb found as an understory species in moist forests, known only from Oaxaca, Mexico,
Species
Species accepted:
- Maianthemum amoenum (H.L.Wendl.) LaFrankie – Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz)[12]
- Maianthemum atropurpureum (Franch.) LaFrankie – Sichuan, Yunnan
- Maianthemum bicolor (Nakai) Cubey – Korea
- Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F.W.Schmidt – northern and central Europe and northern Asia from Spain to Kamchatka; China, Japan, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Germany, Italy, Ukraine, etc
- Maianthemum canadense Desf. – St. Pierre and Miquelon, much of eastern USA and all provinces and territories in Canada except Nunavut
- Maianthemum comaltepecense Espejo, López-Ferr. & Ceja – Mexico (Oaxaca)
- Maianthemum dahuricum (Turcz. ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) LaFrankie – Siberia, Russian Far East, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Korea
- Maianthemum dilatatum (Alph.Wood) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. – Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Russian Far East, Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California
- Maianthemum flexuosum (Bertol.) LaFrankie – Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Michoacán, Oaxaca, Veracruz), El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua[13]
- Maianthemum formosanum (Hayata) LaFrankie – Taiwan
- Maianthemum forrestii (W.W.Sm.) LaFrankie – Yunnan
- Maianthemum fusciduliflorum (Kawano) S.C.Chen & Kawano – Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
- Maianthemum fuscum (Wall.) LaFrankie – Nepal, Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
- Maianthemum gigas (Woodson) LaFrankie – Mexico (Chiapas), Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama,[14] and Nicaragua[15]
- Maianthemum gongshanense (S.Yun Liang) H.Li – Yunnan
- Maianthemum henryi (Baker) LaFrankie – Vietnam, Myanmar, Tibet, southern China
- Maianthemum hondoense (Ohwi) LaFrankie – Honshu
- Maianthemum × intermedium Vorosch. – Siberia, Russian Far East (M. bifolium × M. dilatatum)
- Maianthemum japonicum (A.Gray) LaFrankie – Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, northeastern China
- Maianthemum lichiangense (W.W.Sm.) LaFrankie – Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Maianthemum macrophyllum (M.Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie – Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca)[16]
- Maianthemum mexicanum García Arév – Mexico (Durango, Sinaloa)[17]
- Maianthemum monteverdense LaFrankie – Nicaragua, Costa Rica
- Maianthemum nanchuanense H.Li & J.L.Huang – Sichuan
- Maianthemum oleraceum (Baker) LaFrankie – Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, Tibet, Sikkim, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Maianthemum paludicola LaFrankie – Costa Rica
- Maianthemum paniculatum (M.Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie – Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panamá[18]
- Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) LaFrankie – Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Assam (also called Himalayan Mayflower or Purple Mayflower)
- Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link – All USA states, all Canadian provinces and territories (except Nunavut and Labrador) and Mexico (Chihuahua)
- Maianthemum robustum (Makino & Honda) LaFrankie – Honshu
- Maianthemum salvinii (Baker) LaFrankie – Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala
- Maianthemum scilloideum (M.Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie – Mexico (Chiapas, Coahuila, Guerrero, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz), Guatemala, Honduras[19]
- Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link – Most states in USA (except those southeast of New Mexico), all Canadian provinces and territories (except Nunavut and Labrador) and in the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León and Sonoroa; introduced in Norway, Sweden
- Maianthemum stenolobum (Franch.) S.C.Chen & Kawano – Sichuan, Gansu, Hubei
- Maianthemum szechuanicum (F.T.Wang & Tang) H.Li – Sichuan, Yunnan
- Maianthemum tatsienense (Franch.) LaFrankie – Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
- Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda – Siberia, Russian Far East to North Korea, St. Pierre and Miquelon, all Canadian provinces and territories, northeastern United States
- Maianthemum tubiferum (Batalin) LaFrankie – Gansu, Hubei, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan
- Maianthemum yesoense (Franch. & Sav.) LaFrankie – Japan
See also
References
- ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ^ a b Flora of China, Vol. 24 Page 217, 舞鹤草属 wu he cao shu, Maianthemum F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat. 14. 1780.
- ^ a b c d e f g Flora of North America, Vol. 26 Page 206, Maianthemum F. H. Wiggers, Prim. Fl. Holsat. 14. 1780.
- JSTOR 2444059.
- ^ .
- ISBN 9781092942812.
- ^ . Retrieved 4 April 2021.
- ^ Espejo et al.1996. Maianthemum comaltepecense, Una Nueva Especie del Estado de Oaxaca. Acta Botánica Mexicana (1996), 36:21-28
- ^ Sicence, Kew. "Maianthemum comaltepecense Espejo, López-Ferr. & Ceja". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ Botanical Gardens, Missouri. "Maianthemum amoenum (H.L. Wendl.) LaFrankie". Tropicos. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ Botanical Gardens, Missouri. "Maianthemum flexuosum (Bertol.) LaFrankie". Tropicos. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Botanical Gardens, Missouri. "Maianthemum gigas (Woodson) LaFrankie". Tropicos. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Sicence, Kew. "Maianthemum gigas (Woodson) LaFrankie". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Botanical Gardens, Missouri. "Maianthemum macrophyllum (M.Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie". Tropicos. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ Botanical Gardens, Missouri. "Maianthemum mexicanum García Arév". Tropicos. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
- ^ Botanical Gardens, Missouri. "Maianthemum paniculatum (M. Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie". Tropicos. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
- ^ Botanical Gardens, Missouri. "Maianthemum scilloideum (M.Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie". Tropicos. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- Media related to Maianthemum at Wikimedia Commons