Massacre in Korea

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Massacre in Korea
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Massacre in Korea (French: Massacre en Corée) is an expressionistic painting completed on 18 January 1951 by Pablo Picasso. Picasso's third anti-war painting after Guernica and The Charnel House, Massacre depicts a scene of a massacre of a group of naked women and children by a firing squad. It has been considered to be a condemnation of American intervention in the Korean War.[1][2][3] The painting was exhibited in the Musée Picasso in Paris.

Background

Massacre in Korea is the third in a series of anti-war paintings created by Picasso. It was preceded by the monumental Guernica, painted in 1937, and The Charnel House, painted from 1944 to 1945. The title of this painting refers to the outbreak of the Korean War, which had started in the previous year, yet the subject matter is ambiguous, as Picasso does not point directly to a period or location within the composition.[4]

Picasso was exposed to the effects of war throughout his entire life and this had a direct impact on his artwork. From a young age, he began to include war motifs in his work. When the

Holocaust are also thought to be the main inspiration behind the unfinished Charnel House, though its content was drawn from Picasso's experiences in Spain similar to Guernica.[6]

Description

The painting may depict an event similar to the

No Gun Ri Massacre in July 1950, when an undetermined number of South Korean refugees were massacred by U.S. soldiers, or the Sinchon Massacre of the same year, a mass killing carried out in the county of Sinchon, South Hwanghae Province, North Korea. Massacre in Korea depicts civilians being killed by anti-communist forces. The art critic Kirsten Hoving Keen says that it is "inspired by reports of American atrocities" in Korea.[7] At 43 inches (1.1 m) by 82 inches (2.1 m), the work is smaller than his Guernica, to which it bears a conceptual resemblance as well as an expressive vehemence.[8]

Picasso's work is influenced by

Napoleon's soldiers executing Spanish civilians under the orders of Joachim Murat.[7] It stands in the same iconographic tradition of an earlier work modeled after Goya: Édouard Manet's series of five paintings depicting the execution of Emperor Maximilian
, completed between 1867 and 1869.

Francisco Goya, The Third of May 1808, 1814, Museo del Prado

As with the Third of May, Picasso's painting is marked by a bifurcated composition, divided into two distinct parts. To the left, a group of naked women and children are seen situated at the foot of a mass grave. A number of heavily armed "knights" stand to the right, also naked, but equipped with "gigantic limbs and hard muscles similar to those of prehistoric giants." The firing squad is rigidly poised as in Goya. In Picasso's representation, however, the group is manifestly helter-skelter – as was often apparent in his portrayals of armored soldiers in drawings and lithographs – which may be taken to indicate an attitude of mockery of the idiocy of war. Their helmets are misshapen, and their weaponry is a mishmash amalgamation of the instruments of aggression from the medieval period to the modern era; not quite guns nor lances, they perhaps most resemble candlesticks. What is more, none of the soldiers have penises. This representational feature is highlighted by the pregnant state of the women on the left side of the panel. Many viewers have interpreted that the soldiers, in their capacity as destroyers of life, have substituted guns for their penises, thereby castrating themselves and depriving the world of the next generation of human life. Along with Guernica and The Charnel House (1944–45), this is one of Picasso's works that he composed to depict the politics of his time.[9]

Significance and legacy

Massacre in Korea is often overlooked and overshadowed in cultural consciousness by Guernica. It is more literal in its visual storytelling than the fragmented symbolism of the earlier, more famous work. When the painting was first viewed in 1951, it was not well received. Isabelle Limousin, exhibition curator, explained that the work was dismissed, as "too easy, too readable for contemporaries of the artist", yet she considers it to be "a very strong work".[10]

Museu Picasso de Barcelona describes the painting as, "one of Picasso's most important pacifist works in defense of human rights, beyond ideologies and sides."

Pierre Daix, an expert on Picasso, opined that the painting has "entered within the great tradition of paintings of cruelty, a 20th century version of the Massacre of the Innocents".[11]

2022 vandalism incident

On 9 October 2022, two activists from the environmental pressure group Extinction Rebellion glued their hands to the painting using superglue while it was on loan to the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Their hands were attached to the perspex glazing protecting the painting but later removed without damage to the artwork. The activists were arrested but later released without charge.[12]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-19-284234-3
  2. ^ Picasso A Retrospective, Museum of Modern Art, edited by William Rubin, copyright MoMA 1980, p.383
  3. ISBN 978-3-8228-5970-4
  4. ^ Lentini, Damian. "Massacre en Corée (Massacre in Korea)". Haus Der Kunst. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  5. ^ "Picasso and War" (PDF). Musée de l'Armee Invalides. February 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  6. ^ Daix 1987, p. 281
  7. ^ a b Keen, Kirsten Hoving. "Picasso's Communist Interlude: The Murals of War and Peace". The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 122, No. 928, Special Issue Devoted to Twentieth Century Art, July, 1980. p. 464.
  8. ^ Boeck & Sabartés, p. 302.
  9. ISBN 978-1-57607-820-4
  10. ^ Grovier, Kelly (20 June 2019). "Picasso: The ultimate painter of war?". BBC Culture. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Massacre in Korea, the Guernica of the Cold War". Museu Picasso de Barcelona. 8 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  12. ^ Ore, Adeshola (2022-10-09). "Prized Picasso 'unharmed' after Extinction Rebellion activists glue hands to painting in Melbourne". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2023-04-23. Retrieved 2022-10-14.

Sources

  • Daix, Pierre (1987). Picasso. London: Thames & Hudson.
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