Military citadels under London

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A number of military

Second World War and the Cold War
. Unlike traditional above-ground citadels, these sites are primarily secure centres for defence coordination.

A large network of tunnels exists below London for a variety of communications, civil defence and military purposes;[1][2] however, it is unclear how these tunnels, and the various facilities linked to them, fit together, if at all. Even the number and nature of these facilities is unclear; only a few have been officially admitted to.

Pindar

The most important military citadel in central London is Pindar, or the Defence Crisis Management Centre. The bunker is located underneath the Ministry of Defence Main Building in Whitehall, five floors below the buildings previously existing South Citadel.[3][4] Construction took ten years and cost £126.3 million. Pindar became operational in 1992, two years before construction was complete. Computer equipment was much more expensive to install than originally estimated as there was very little physical access to the site. Pindar can house a maximum of 400 personnel and provides protection against conventional bombing, sabotage, biological and chemical attack, flooding, EMP attack, and the effects of blast, radiation and EMP from a nuclear weapon, but it is not designed to withstand a direct hit from a nuclear weapon.[4]

Pindar's has two floors; the lower floor contains the Ministry of Defence's Joint Operations Centre, and the upper floor consists of:[4]

  1. Government Emergency Rooms (comprising the Prime Minister, Secretaries of State, the Cabinet Secretary, and some Permanent Secretaries)
  2. An element of the Joint Intelligence Organisation
  3. A telecommunications secretariat and a Cabinet Office Communications Centre (COMCEN) element


Pindar is connected to Downing Street and the Cabinet Office by a tunnel under Whitehall, which can be used by Ministers to enter Pindar without the press knowing, in order not to damage morale.[4][5]

Although the facility is not open to the public, it has had some public exposure. In Fighting the War, a BBC documentary on the Iraq conflict broadcast in 2003, BBC cameras were allowed into the facility to film a small part of a teleconference between ministers and military commanders. Also, in 2008 the British photographer David Moore published his series of photographs The Last Things, widely believed to be an extensive photographic survey of Pindar.[6][7] His photographs show that it has stores including toothpaste, toothbrushes, and mouthwashes. It has bunks for up to 100 military officers, politicians and civilians as well as communication facilities, a medical centre and maps.[8]

The name Pindar is taken from the ancient Greek poet, whose house alone was left standing after Thebes was razed in 335 BC.[8]

Admiralty Citadel

The Admiralty Citadel in 2008

The Admiralty Citadel, London's most visible military citadel, is located just behind the

Admiralty, with foundations 30 ft (9.1 m) deep and a 20-foot (6.1 m) thick concrete roof. It is also linked by tunnels to government buildings in Whitehall.[10]

Its brutal functionality speaks of a very practical purpose; in the event of a German invasion, it was intended that the building would become a fortress, with

Boston ivy[10]) would help to mask the concrete walls. In the same debate, a suggestion by MP John Tilney that a variety of plants be used was rejected by the minister on the grounds that it would "make it like an old-world tea garden".[11] It became a Grade II listed building in December 1987.[9]

In 1992 the Admiralty communications centre was established here as the stone frigate HMS St Vincent, which became MARCOMM COMCEN (St Vincent) in 1998. The Admiralty Citadel is still used today by the Ministry of Defence.

Cabinet War Rooms

Cabinet War Rooms

The only central London citadel currently open to the public is the

Cabinet War Rooms, located in Horse Guards Road in the basement of what is now HM Treasury
. This was not a purpose-built citadel but was instead a reinforced adaptation of an existing basement built many years before.

The War Rooms were constructed in 1938 and were regularly used by Winston Churchill during World War II. However, the Cabinet War Rooms were vulnerable to a direct hit and were abandoned not long after the war. The Cabinet War Rooms were a secret to all civilians until their opening to the public in 1984. They are now a popular tourist attraction maintained by the Imperial War Museum.

The section of the War Rooms open to the public is in fact only a portion of a much larger facility. They originally covered three acres (1.2 hectares) and housed a staff of up to 528 people, with facilities including a canteen, hospital, shooting range and dormitories. The centrepiece of the War Rooms is the Cabinet Room itself, where Churchill's War Cabinet met.

The Map Room is adjacent, from where the course of the war was directed. It is still in much the same condition as when it was abandoned, with the original maps still on the walls and telephones and other original artefacts on the desks. Churchill slept in a small bedroom nearby. There is a small telephone room (disguised as a toilet) down the corridor that provided a direct line to the

Washington DC, via a special scrambler in an annexe basement of Selfridges department store in Oxford Street
.

Q-Whitehall

Q-Whitehall is the name given to a communications facility under Whitehall.

The facility was built in a 12 ft (3.7 m) diameter tunnel during World War II, and extends under Whitehall. A similar facility was constructed in a tunnel that ran parallel to the Aldwych branch of the Piccadilly Line and was known as Trunks Kingsway (

Kingsway Telephone Exchange). The project was known as 'Post Office scheme 2845'.[12] A detailed description, with photographs, was published just after the war in the January 1946 edition of The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal
.

Sites equipped with unusual amounts of GPO/BT telecommunications plant are given a BT site engineering code. This site's code was L/QWHI.

The site provided protected accommodation for the lines and terminal equipment serving the most important government departments, civil and military, to ensure the command and control of the war could continue despite heavy bombing of London.

At the northern end, a tunnel connects to a shaft up to the former

Trafalgar Square tube station (now merged with Charing Cross station), and to the BT deep level cable tunnels which were built under much of London during the Cold War. At the southern end, an 8 ft (2.4 m) diameter extension (Scheme 2845A) connects to a shaft under Court 6 of the Treasury Building: this provided the protected route from the Cabinet War Room. This was known as Y-Whitehall. The 8 ft (2.4 m) tunnel was further extended (Scheme 2845B) to the Marsham Street Rotundas
. This extension housed the 'Federal' telephone exchange which had a dialling code of 333 from the public network. In the 1980s it housed Horseferry Tandem which provided a unified communications system for all government departments as well as the Palace of Westminster.

Access to the tunnel is gained via an 8 ft (2.4 m) lateral tunnel and a lift shaft in the nearby Whitehall telephone exchange in Craig's Court. A further entrance is via the deep level portion of the Admiralty.

Spur tunnels, 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter, were built to provide protected cable routes to the major service buildings either side of Whitehall.

The Whitehall tunnels appear to have been extended in the early 1950s. Some official documents refer to a Scheme 3245: this is the only numbered tunnel scheme that has never been officially revealed or located by researchers. Files in the

National Archives
which may relate to this have been closed for 75 years and will not be opened until the 2020s.

The journalist Duncan Campbell managed to get into the BT deep level cable tunnels below London, and described his adventure in a New Statesman article in 1980. He found a (closed) entrance to Q-Whitehall below Trafalgar Square, and created a number of tunnel maps based on his investigation.[13]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-586-05055-2
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-586-08479-3
    .
  3. ISBN 9781409049685
    . Retrieved 26 July 2016 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ a b c d "T 640/384" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  5. ISBN 0-312-29313-5
    .
  6. ^ Brook, Pete (31 January 2011). "Inside London's secret crisis-command bunker". Wired. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  7. ISSN 0260-9592
    . Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b Myall, Steve (22 July 2016). "Inside the Prime Minister's nuclear bunker: A TV studio, a map of Iran and enough toothpaste for months". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  9. ^ a b Historic England. "The Citadel, Horseguards Parade SW1 (1066638)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-1-905211-43-2
  11. ^ "Admiralty Citadel - Volume 545: debated on Tuesday 1 November 1955". hansard.parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  12. ^ "Whitehall tunnels". Retrieved 30 July 2011.
  13. ^ "Tunnels". duncancampbell.org. Retrieved 26 July 2016.

External links

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