Imperial War Museum
Imperial War Museums | |
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The Imperial War Museum (IWM), currently branded "Imperial War Museums", is a British
Originally housed in
The museum's collections include
The museum is funded by government grants, charitable donations, and revenue generation through commercial activity such as retailing, licensing, and publishing. General admission is free to IWM London (although specific exhibitions require the purchase of a ticket) and IWM North, but an admission fee is levied at the other branches. The museum is an
History of the museum
Establishment: 1917–1924
On 27 February 1917 Sir Alfred Mond, a Liberal MP and First Commissioner of Works, wrote to the Prime Minister David Lloyd George to propose the establishment of a National War Museum. This proposal was accepted by the War Cabinet on 5 March 1917 and the decision announced in The Times on 26 March. A committee was established, chaired by Mond, to oversee the collection of material to be exhibited in the new museum.[5][6]
This National War Museum Committee set about collecting material to illustrate Britain's war effort by dividing into subcommittees examining such subjects as the Army, the Navy, the production of
Imperial War Museum Act 1920 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Dates | |
Royal assent | 2 July 1920 |
Text of statute as originally enacted | |
Text of the Imperial War Museum Act 1920 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. |
The museum was opened by King George V at the Crystal Palace on 9 June 1920. During the opening ceremony, Sir Alfred Mond addressed the King on behalf of the committee, saying that "it was hoped to make the museum so complete that every one who took part in the war, however obscurely, would find therein an example or illustration of the sacrifice he or she made" and that the museum "was not a monument of military glory, but a record of toil and sacrifice".[12] Shortly afterwards the Imperial War Museum Act 1920 was passed and established a board of trustees to oversee the governance of the museum. To reflect the museum's Imperial remit the board included appointees of the governments of India, South Africa, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.[13] While the Act was being debated, some Parliamentarians felt that the museum would perpetuate an undesirable war spirit and Lieutenant-Commander Joseph Kenworthy MP said that he would "refuse to vote a penny of public money to commemorate such suicidal madness of civilisation as that which was shown in the late War".[14] On the August Bank Holiday 1920, the first public holiday since the museum's opening, 94,179 visitors were received,[15] and by November 1921, 2,290,719 had visited the museum.[16]
Relocation 1924–1936
Bethlem Hospital (Amendment) Act 1931 | |
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Act of Parliament | |
Status: Current legislation | |
Text of statute as originally enacted |
In 1924 the museum moved to the
The two extensive wings were removed and the resulting space named
Second World War and after: 1939–1966
With the outbreak of the
In October 1945 the museum mounted a temporary exhibition, the first since the end of the war in August, which showcased technologies developed by the
Redevelopment and expansion: 1966–2012
In 1966 the museum's Southwark building was extended to provide collections storage and other facilities, the first major expansion since the museum had moved to the site. The development also included a purpose-built cinema.[31] In 1967 the museum acquired a pair of 15-inch naval guns. One had been mounted on the Royal Navy's HMS Ramillies and the other on both HMS Resolution and HMS Roberts. Both had been fired in action during the Second World War. They went on permanent display outside the museum in May 1968.[32] The acquisition of these guns, representative of the dreadnought era of British battleships, led the museum to seek to acquire a 6-inch triple turret that would be representative of a number of classes of British cruisers.[33] This would eventually lead to the preservation of the Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Belfast, which became a branch of the museum in 1978.[34] Later in 1968 on 13 October the museum was attacked by an
In 1969 RAF Duxford, a
By 1983 the museum was again looking to redevelop the Southwark site and approached engineering firm
The first phase of the works to the Southwark building started in 1986 and were completed in 1989, during which time the museum was closed to the public. The work included the conversion of what was previously the hospital's courtyard into a centrepiece Large Exhibits Gallery. This gallery featured a strengthened ground floor (to support the weight of very heavy exhibits), a first floor
In September 1992 the museum was the target of a Provisional Irish Republican Army attack against London tourist attractions. Two incendiary devices were found in a basement gallery, but were extinguished by staff before the arrival of the fire brigade, and caused only minor damage.[45][46]
The second stage of the redevelopment of the Southwark building, during which the museum remained open to the public, was completed in 1994.
The following year, 2000, the final phase of the Southwark redevelopment was completed. The development included the installation of the museum's Holocaust Exhibition which was opened by the Queen on 6 June 2000. This was the first permanent exhibition dedicated to the
Between 2004 and 2010 the museum was a partner in a national learning project entitled "Their Past Your Future" (TPYF), part of the
In October 2011 the museum rebranded itself as Imperial War Museums, the initials IWM forming the basis of a new corporate logo.[55]
In September 2011 the museum secured funding from
First World War centenary: 2014
In August 2009 the museum announced the creation of the Imperial War Museum Foundation. Chaired by
IWM London was formally reopened on 17 July 2014 by
Branches
From the 1970s onwards the Imperial War Museum began to expand onto other sites. The first branch,
Imperial War Museum London
Architecture and layout
The museum has occupied the former Bethlem Royal Hospital on Lambeth Road since 1936. The hospital building was designed by the hospital surveyor, James Lewis, from plans submitted by John Gandy and other architects, and construction completed in October 1814. The hospital consisted of a range of buildings 580 feet long with a basement and three storeys, parallel to Lambeth Road, with a central entrance under a portico.[71]
The building was substantially altered in 1835 by architect Sydney Smirke. In order to provide more space, he added blocks at either end of the frontage, and galleried wings on either side of the central portion. He also added a small single-storey lodge, still in existence, at the Lambeth Road gate. Later, between 1844 and 1846, the central cupola was replaced with a copper-clad dome in order to expand the chapel beneath. The building also featured a theatre in a building to the rear of the site.[71]
The building remained substantially unchanged until vacated by the hospital in 1930. After the
The original hospital building is now largely occupied by corporate offices. The 1966 extension houses the library, art store, and document archives while the 1980s redevelopments created exhibition space over five floors. The first stage created 8,000 m2 of gallery space of which 4,600 m2 was new, and the second provided a further 1,600 m2.
In August 2019, the museum announced plans to spend over £30m on a new set of galleries over two floors at its London site covering the Holocaust and its importance in World War II.[78] The galleries opened in October 2021 to replace the existing permanent exhibition.[79]
All Saints Annexe
In 1989 the museum acquired the All Saints Annexe, a former hospital building in Austral Street off
Imperial War Museum Duxford
Imperial War Museum Duxford, near the village of Duxford in Cambridgeshire, is Britain's largest aviation museum.[82] Duxford houses the museum's large exhibits, including nearly 200 aircraft, military vehicles, artillery and minor naval vessels in seven main exhibitions buildings.[83] The site also provides storage space for the museum's collections of film, photographs, documents, books and artefacts. The site accommodates a number of British Army regimental museums, including those of the Parachute Regiment and the Royal Anglian Regiment.
Based on the historic
HMS Belfast (1938)
In 2017, the name of the exhibit was changed to "HMS Belfast 1938" to reflect that one of the Royal Navy's new Type 26 frigates had been given the name HMS Belfast.[87]
Churchill War Rooms
The Cabinet War Rooms is an underground complex that served as a British government command centre throughout the Second World War. Located beneath the
Imperial War Museum North
The Imperial War Museum North was opened in
The museum's first floor main gallery space houses the permanent exhibitions. These consist of a chronological display which runs around the gallery's 200m perimeter and six thematic displays in "silos" within the space. The walls of the gallery space are used as screens for the projection of an hourly audiovisual presentation, the Big Picture. The main gallery, described as cavernous and dramatic,
Collections
The Imperial War Museum's original collections date back to the material amassed by the National War Museum Committee. The present departmental organisation came into being during the 1960s as part of Frankland's reorganisation of the museum. The 1970s saw oral history gain increasing prominence and in 1972 the museum created the Department of Sound Records (now the Sound Archive) to record interviews with individuals who had experienced the First World War. The museum maintains an online database of its collections.[101]
Documents
The museum's documents archive seeks to collect and preserve the private papers of individuals who have experienced modern warfare. The archive's holdings range from the papers of senior British and Commonwealth army, navy and air officers, to the letters, diaries and memoirs of lower-ranked servicemen and of civilians. The collection includes the papers of Field Marshals
Art
The museum's art collection includes paintings, prints, drawings, sculpture, and works in film, photography and
In 1972 the museum established the Artistic Records Committee (since renamed the Art Commissions Committee) to commission artists to cover contemporary conflicts.
Film
The museum's Film and Video Archive is one of the oldest
The archive also holds government information films and propaganda features such as
Photographs
The museum's Photograph Archive preserves photographs by official, amateur and professional photographers. The collection includes the official British photographic record of the two world wars; the First World War collection includes the work of photographers such as Ernest Brooks and John Warwick Brooke.[126][127] The archive also holds 150,000 British aerial photographs from the First World War,[128] the largest collection of its kind.[129] The Second World War collection includes the work of photographers such as Bill Brandt, Cecil Beaton[130] and Bert Hardy.[131] Like the Film Archive, the Photograph Archive is an official repository under the 1958 Public Records Act, and as such continues to receive material from the Ministry of Defence. In 2012 the museum reported the size of its photographic holdings as approximately 11 million images in 17,263 collections.[105]
Exhibits
The museum's exhibits collection includes a wide range of objects, organised into numerous smaller collections such as uniforms, badges, insignia and flags (including a
The ordnance collection includes artillery pieces that participated in notable battles, such as the Néry gun, a field gun that was used during the 1914
Library
The museum's library is a national reference collection on modern conflict, and holds works on all aspects of warfare, including regimental or unit histories (such as 789 rare German unit histories from the First World War),
Sound
The museum's Sound Archive holds 33,000 sound recordings, including a large collection of oral history recordings of witnesses to conflicts since 1914.[149] The museum's sound collection originated in 1972 with the creation of the Department of Sound Records and the instigation of an oral history recording programme. The sound collection opened to the public in July 1977.[150] The collection also includes recordings made by the BBC during the Second World War, actuality sound effects, broadcasts, speeches and poetry. As part of the museum's First World War centenary programme, the museum is producing Voices of the First World War, a podcast series drawing upon the museum's oral history recordings.[151] In 2012 the museum reported the size of its sound collection as 37,000 hours.[105]
Databases
The IWM has an online database, listing the various items which make up the IWM Collections. In some cases, there are images of the item, or contemporary photos, which can be shared and reused under a Creative Commons Licence.
The War Memorials Register is a database of known war memorials in the United Kingdom. Information such as the material used in construction, the condition of the memorial, its address and coordinates with a satellite map plot are recorded for each of the memorials. Whilst many memorials commemorate those who died in the First World War,[152] the scope of the project is all conflicts. As of 2022[update], there are over 90,000 memorials on the register.[153]
In 2014, IWM and online genealogy service provider Findmypast entered into a collaboration to launch the "Lives of the First World War" platform.[citation needed] During the centenary period, anyone could sign up for an account, and those who paid for a subscription had the ability to add records from Findmypast's collections.[154]
A number of sources (War Office medal index cards, Canadian Expeditionary Force attestations, Royal Navy service records etc.) had been used as seeding documents to create individual entries in the database. Each person's profile in the database could have been further built up, so as to document when that person was born, when they died, family members etc. If a person needed to be added, or a duplicate existed that needed to be merged, such activity was requested via a support forum manned by IWM volunteers. A user with a subscription had the ability to group person profiles together into a "community". This could be a grouping based around a ship's crew, a unit in the army, or the names of men and women buried in a given war cemetery.[155]
The goal was to encourage crowdsourcing to build up as many details as possible in the database, and to tap into the popularity of online genealogy as a pastime. One selling point of the platform was that the data thus captured would form a "permanent digital memorial[156] [that] will be saved for future generations."[157] The IWM declared that the data from the platform would become part of its archive when the platform ceased to be interactive in 2019, "and will be free to access online for research."[158]
Size of collection
The museum holds around a half of
Selected collection highlights
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John Singer Sargent
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Nash, Paul
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Nevinson, C R W
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Tonks, Henry
Governance
The Imperial War Museum is an executive
The museum's director-general is answerable to the trustees and acts as accounting officer. Since 1917 the museum has had six directors. The first was
Arms
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- ^ Peter Naughton (20 October 2012). "Podcast and Internet Radio previews: Voices of the First World War and Here's the Thing". telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
- ^ "UK War Memorials Register". The Great War 1914–1918. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ "War Memorials Register". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "IWM & brightsolid partner to create Lives of the First World War digital memorial – Family Tree". family-tree.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ "Knowledge Base – Help and Support for Lives of the First World War". support.livesofthefirstworldwar.org. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ "Lives of the First World War". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^
"How long will the site be available for?". support.livesofthefirstworldwar.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
IWM has made a commitment that Lives of the First World War will be an interactive platform available to the public throughout the four years of the centenary, and that the permanent digital memorial will be saved for future generations.
- ^
"How long will the site be available for?". support.livesofthefirstworldwar.org. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
From early 2019 the memorial will become part of IWM's archive, and will be free to access [online] for research.
- ^ Adshead, Anthony (28 February 2017). "IWM digitises vast collection in SpectraLogic tape archive". ComputerWeekly.com. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ Office of Public Sector Information Revised Statute from The UK Statute Law Database: Imperial War Museum Act 1955 (c.14). Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ Imperial War Museum (2012) Current Trustees. Retrieved 6 January 2012
- ^ Imperial War Museum (2012) Our Trustees: Trustee Profiles. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
- ^ Imperial War Museum (September 2006) Imperial War Museum Corporate Governance Code Archived 1 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- required.)
- required.)
- required.)
- ^ Barrass, M B (2001–2008). "Marshal of the RAF Sir John Grandy (32078)". Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ 'Mr L. R. Bradley: Former Director of Imperial War Museum' (obituary) The Times 30 January 1968 p. 8
- ^ Heal, Sharon (January 2008) 'New chief at IWM revealed' Museums Journal 108/1 p. 8
- ^ "'Imperial War Museum'". Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
External links
- Official website
- Imperial War Museum within Google Arts & Culture
- Media related to Imperial War Museum at Wikimedia Commons